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e-Bulletin
2018-1
on Constitutional Case-Law
The electronic Bulletin on Constitutional Case-Law ("e-Bulletin") is produced by the European Commission for Democracy through Law, better known as the Venice Commission. The e-Bulletin regularly reports on the case-law of constitutional courts and courts with equivalent jurisdiction in Europe and beyond, including case-law of the European Court of Human Rights, the Court of Justice of the European Union and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. The e-Bulletin is sent to liaison officers and to subscribers by e-mail three times a year, each mailing reports on the most important case-law gathered during a four-month period.
The e-Bulletin’s aim is to allow judges and constitutional law specialists to be informed quickly about the most important judgments rendered in the field of constitutional justice. The exchange of information and ideas among courts in different countries with similar or different legal traditions, in the field of judge-made law, is of vital importance. Such an exchange of information and such cooperation, we hope, will not only benefit the newly established constitutional courts, but will also enrich the case-law of longer established courts. The main purpose of the e-Bulletin on Constitutional Case-Law is to foster an exchange of information and ideas and to assist national judges in solving difficult questions of law, which often arise simultaneously in courts of different countries.
If you wish to receive the e-Bulletin, please subscribe by sending an e-mail to venice@coe.int.
The Venice Commission is grateful to the liaison officers of constitutional and equivalent courts, who regularly prepare the contributions, reproduced in the Bulletin with links to our database CODICES. As such, the summaries of decisions and opinions in the Bulletin do not constitute an official record of court decisions and should not be considered as offering or purporting to offer an authoritative interpretation of the law.
The Venice Commission would like to thank the International Organisation of the Francophonie for their support in ensuring that contributions from its member, associate and observer states can be translated into French.
T. Gerwien
Legal Officer, Division on Constitutional Justice
European Commission for Democracy through Law (“Venice Commission”)
ALG-2018-1-001 a) Algeria / b) Constitutional Council / c) / d) 22.12.2011 / e) 04/CC/11 / f) Incompatibility with a parliamentary mandate /
1. The legislature has created a discriminatory situation between Members of Parliament vis-à-vis those holding similar positions by excluding the functions of professor, lecturer, scientific researcher and professor of medicine from the cases of incompatibility with a parliamentary mandate.
2. The legislature infringed the constitutional principle of the division of powers when it authorised... Read more
4.5.4
Institutions - Legislative bodies - Organisation.
4.5.11
Institutions - Legislative bodies - Status of members of legislative bodies.
Members of Parliament, multiple office-holding, status / Incompatibility, parliamentary mandate, duties / General will, exercise / Inequality, discrimination / Functions, professor, university.
ALG-2018-1-002 a) Algeria / b) Constitutional Council / c) / d) 22.12.2011 / e) 05/CC/11 / f) Increasing the representation of women in elected assemblies /
1. The obligation to include a number of women on lists of candidates, based on differentiated ratios laid down by the organic law in accordance with the seats to be filled by constituency only makes it possible to increase the chances of women having access to representation in elected assemblies if the ranking of women on the lists is adequate and the manner in which seats are distributed is... Read more
3.16
General Principles - Proportionality.
4.5.3
Institutions - Legislative bodies - Composition.
5.3.41.2
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Electoral rights - Right to stand for election.
Representation, Parliament, women / Elected assemblies, distribution, seat, list, candidate / Public life, participation / Women, rights promotion, proportion / Rule, barriers, socio-cultural.
ARG-2018-1-001 a) Argentina / b) Supreme Court / c) / d) 22.03.2018 / e) FRO 073023789/2011/CS001 / f) Tejera, Valeria Fernanda v. ANSES y otro s/varios /
The legal time limit to bring an amparo action was not an insuperable obstacle to bringing an action that sought to challenge a periodic, continuous conduct which was considered to be arbitrary or illicit. Furthermore, that time limit could not be construed to be an insurmountable procedural obstacle, nor particularly was a restrictive interpretation of a constitutional remedy acceptable,... Read more
1.4.3
Constitutional Justice - Procedure - Time-limits for instituting proceedings.
2.3.11
Sources - Techniques of review -
5.1.1.4.1
Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Natural persons - Minors.
5.1.1.4.2
Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Natural persons - Incapacitated.
5.3.13.3
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Access to courts.
5.4.14
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to social security.
5.4.19
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to health.
Amparo action.
ARM-2018-1-001 a) Armenia / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 13.02.2018 / e) / f) On the conformity of certain provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code with the Constitution /
The purpose of mandatory participation by the advocate in criminal proceedings is to protect the rights of the accused. Accused persons are free to avail themselves of assistance from the advocate of their choice, but if they do not have an advocate at all, the State will involve one.
5.3.13.3
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Access to courts.
5.3.13.27
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Right to counsel.
Counsel, appointment, mandatory.
AUT-2018-1-001 a) Austria / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 07.03.2018 / e) G 136/2017 / f) /
The main objective of social assistance is to ensure a decent existence for all who lack sufficient resources. The legislator is free to restrict eligibility for social assistance to persons with indefinite leave to stay but entitlement to social benefits must not be made dependent on a waiting period. Nor can a rigid ceiling of social assistance applying to all persons living in a residential... Read more
5.2
Fundamental Rights - Equality.
5.4.18
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to a sufficient standard of living.
Refugee, rights, social benefits.
AUT-2018-1-002 a) Austria / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 14.03.2018 / e) E 507/2017 / f) /
Criminal and administrative authorities may prosecute offences based on one and the same conduct if the offences at issue differ in nature and aim; this does not violate the right not to be tried and punished twice for the same conduct.
5.3.14
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights -
Criminal prosecution / Double jeopardy / Offences, elements.
AZE-2018-1-001 a) Azerbaijan / b) Constitutional Court / c) Plenum / d) 10.03.2017 / e) / f) The legal status of decisions concerning the tax status of insurance agents /
An insurance agent is not considered to be a party to an insurance contract and does not, therefore, incur any obligations connected with the insured risk. While insurance agents carry out insurance activities' on a professional basis within the insurance market they cannot be understood to be an insurance company'.
4.10.7
Institutions - Public finances - Taxation.
5.3.39
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to property.
Tax, payment, simplified / Tax law / Insurance, agent, insurance contract.
AZE-2018-1-002 a) Azerbaijan / b) Constitutional Court / c) Plenum / d) 12.04.2017 / e) / f) On the interpretation of Article 28 of the Administrative Procedure Code /
The bases for cancelling or changing decisions that are in force must accord with constitutional and significant aims and be in accordance with the principles of legal certainty, of stability, and the need to maintain the status of court decisions.
3.10
General Principles - Certainty of the law.
5.3.13
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial.
5.3.13.3
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Access to courts.
5.3.13.4
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Double degree of jurisdiction.
Court decisions, cancelled or charged, infringed interests.
BLR-2018-1-001 a) Belarus / b) Constitutional Court / c) BLR-2018-1-002 a) Belarus / b) Constitutional Court / c)
BEL-2018-1-001 a) Belgium / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 18.01.2018 / e) 8/2018 / f) / BEL-2018-1-002 a) Belgium / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 07.02.2018 / e) 16/2018 / f) / BEL-2018-1-003 a) Belgium / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 29.03.2018 / e) 41/2018 / f) /
BIH-2018-1-001 a) Bosnia and Herzegovina / b) Constitutional Court / c) Plenary / d) 30.11.2017 / e) U 7/17 / f) /
BRA-2018-1-001 a) Brazil / b) Federal Supreme Court / c) Full Court / d) 16.02.2017 / e) Extraordinary appeal 580252 (RE 580252) / f) State liability for inhuman imprisonment conditions / BRA-2018-1-002 a) Brazil / b) Federal Supreme Court / c) Full Court / d) 08.03.2017 / e) Extraordinary appeal 330817 (RE 330817) / f) Tax immunity granted to electronic books / BRA-2018-1-003 a) Brazil / b) Federal Supreme Court / c) Full Court / d) 10.05.2017 / e) Extraordinary Appeal 646721 (RE 646721) / f) Unconstitutionality of different succession rules between marriage and civil partnership /
CRC-2018-1-001 a) Costa Rica / b) Supreme Court of Justice / c) Constitutional Chamber / d) 09.03.2018 / e) 03871/18 / f) /
ECH-2018-1-001 a) Council of Europe / b) European Court of Human Rights / c) Fifth Section / d) 18.01.2018 / e) 48151/11 and 77769/13 / f) National Federation of Sports Associations and Unions (FNASS) and Others v. France / ECH-2018-1-002 a) Council of Europe / b) European Court of Human Rights / c) Fifth Section / d) 01.02.2018 / e) 45285/12 / f) Hadzhieva v. Bulgaria / ECH-2018-1-003 a) Council of Europe / b) European Court of Human Rights / c) Fifth Section / d) 22.02.2018 / e) 588/13 / f) Libert v. France / ECH-2018-1-004 a) Council of Europe / b) European Court of Human Rights / c) Grand Chamber / d) 15.03.2018 / e) 51357/07 / f) Nait-Liman v. Switzerland / ECH-2018-1-005 a) Council of Europe / b) European Court of Human Rights / c) Second Section / d) 20.03.2018 / e) 16538/17 / f) Sahin Alpay v. Turkey / ECH-2018-1-006 a) Council of Europe / b) European Court of Human Rights / c) Grand Chamber / d) 20.03.2018 / e) 37685/10 and 22768/12 / f) Radomilja and Others v. Croatia / ECH-2018-1-007 a) Council of Europe / b) European Court of Human Rights / c) Third Section / d) 20.03.2018 / e) 5310/71 / f) Ireland v. United Kingdom /
CRO-2018-1-001 a) Croatia / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 30.01.2018 / e) U-III-3849/2011 / f) / CRO-2018-1-002 a) Croatia / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 13.03.2018 / e) U-I-619/2018 / f) / CRO-2018-1-003 a) Croatia / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 23.04.2018 / e) U-I-1574/2016, U-I-1244/2017 / f) / CRO-2018-1-004 a) Croatia / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 23.04.2018 / e) U-II-2064/2010 / f) /
CZE-2018-1-001 a) Czech Republic / b) Constitutional Court / c) First Panel / d) 23.01.2018 / e) I. ÚS 2637/17 / f) On the obligation of a region to ensure access to suitable social care services for a person with a disability / CZE-2018-1-002 a) Czech Republic / b) Constitutional Court / c) First Panel / d) 30.01.2018 / e) I. ÚS 4035/14 / f) On Violating the Right to the Freedom of Expression of NOVA Television / CZE-2018-1-003 a) Czech Republic / b) Constitutional Court / c) Plenum / d) 27.03.2018 / e) Pl. ÚS 7/17 / f) Anti-smoking Act and Complete Ban on Smoking in Restaurants /
EST-2018-1-001 a) Estonia / b) Supreme Court / c) Constitutional Review Chamber / d) 10.04.2018 / e) 5-17-42 / f) Review of constitutionality of failure to issue implementing legislation for the Registered Partnership Act /
ECJ-2018-1-001 a) European Union / b) Court of Justice of the European Union / c) Third Chamber / d) 18.01.2018 / e) C-270/16 / f) Social Court no. 1, Cuenca, Spain v. Carlos Enrique Ruiz Conejero / ECJ-2018-1-002 a) European Union / b) Court of Justice of the European Union / c) Grand Chamber / d) 23.01.2018 / e) C-367/16 / f) Appeal Court, Brussels, Belgium v. Dawid Piotrowski / ECJ-2018-1-003 a) European Union / b) Court of Justice of the European Union / c) Grand Chamber / d) 27.02.2018 / e) C-64/16 / f) Supreme Administrative Court, Portugal v. Associação Sindical dos Juízes Portugueses / ECJ-2018-1-004 a) European Union / b) Court of Justice of the European Union / c) First chamber / d) 14.03.2018 / e) C-482/16 / f) Higher Regional Court, Innsbruck, Austria v. Georg Stollwitzer / ECJ-2018-1-005 a) European Union / b) Court of Justice of the European Union / c) Grand Chamber / d) 20.03.2018 / e) C-524/15 / f) District Court, Bergamo, Italy v. Luca Menci /
FIN-2018-1-001 a) Finland / b) Supreme Administrative Court / c) / d) 16.01.2018 / e) 2018:8 / f) / FIN-2018-1-002 a) Finland / b) Supreme Administrative Court / c) / d) 13.04.2018 / e) 2018:52 / f) /
FRA-2018-1-001 a) France / b) Constitutional Council / c) / d) 11.01.2018 / e) 2017-684 QPC / f) Associations La cabane juridique / Legal Shelter and others [Protection or security zones under the state of emergency] / FRA-2018-1-002 a) France / b) Constitutional Council / c) / d) 08.02.2018 / e) 2017-690 QPC / f) Mr Abdelkader K. [Having French nationality as a precondition for entitlement to a pension in the event of physical injury resulting from an attack or any other act of violence in connection with the events of the Algerian war] / FRA-2018-1-003 a) France / b) Constitutional Council / c) / d) 16.02.2018 / e) 2017-691 QPC / f) Mr Farouk B. [Administrative compulsory residence order for the purpose of combating terrorism] / FRA-2018-1-004 a) France / b) Constitutional Council / c) / d) 02.03.2018 / e) 2017-693 QPC / f) Judicial Press Association [Presence of journalists during a search] / FRA-2018-1-005 a) France / b) Constitutional Council / c) / d) 02.03.2018 / e) 2017-694 QPC / f) Mr Ousmane K. and others [The provision of reasons for sentences in judgments of the Assize Court] / FRA-2018-1-006 a) France / b) Constitutional Council / c) / d) 15.03.2018 / e) 2018-762 DC / f) Law permitting the proper application of the European asylum regime / FRA-2018-1-007 a) France / b) Constitutional Council / c) / d) 21.03.2018 / e) 2018-761 DC / f) Law ratifying various ordinances issued pursuant to Law no. 2017-1340 of 15 September 2017 authorising the adoption by ordinance of measures to strengthen social dialogue / FRA-2018-1-008 a) France / b) Constitutional Council / c) / d) 29.03.2018 / e) 2017-695 QPC / f) Mr Rouchdi B. and other [Administrative measures to combat terrorism] /
GER-2018-1-001 a) Germany / b) Federal Constitutional Court / c) First Panel / d) 31.05.2016 / e) 1 BvR 1585/13 / f) / GER-2018-1-002 a) Germany / b) Federal Constitutional Court / c) First Chamber of the Second Panel / d) 18.12.2017 / e) 2 BvR 2259/17 / f) Duty to investigate torture risk / GER-2018-1-003 a) Germany / b) Federal Constitutional Court / c) Third Chamber of the First Panel / d) 24.01.2018 / e) 1 BvR 2465/13 / f) / GER-2018-1-004 a) Germany / b) Federal Constitutional Court / c) Second Panel / d) 13.02.2018 / e) 2 BvR 651/16 / f) Challenge of Judge (constitutional complaint concerning assisted suicide services) / GER-2018-1-005 a) Germany / b) Federal Constitutional Court / c) Second Panel / d) 27.02.2018 / e) 2 BvE 1/16 / f) Red Card to the AfD / GER-2018-1-006 a) Germany / b) Federal Constitutional Court / c) Third Chamber of the First Panel / d) 05.03.2018 / e) 1 BvR 2864/13 / f) Emissions Trading / GER-2018-1-007 a) Germany / b) Federal Constitutional Court / c) First Panel / d) 21.03.2018 / e) 1 BvF 1/13 / f) Food Law Violations / GER-2018-1-008 a) Germany / b) Federal Constitutional Court / c) Second Panel / d) 22.03.2018 / e) 2 BvR 780/16 / f) Temporary Judges / GER-2018-1-009 a) Germany / b) Federal Constitutional Court / c) First Panel / d) 10.04.2018 / e) 1 BvR 1236/11 / f) Trade tax / GER-2018-1-010 a) Germany / b) Federal Constitutional Court / c) First Panel / d) 10.04.2018 / e) 1 BvL 11/14, 1 BvL 12/14, 1 BvL 1/15, 1 BvR 639/11, 1 BvR 889/12 / f) Property tax / GER-2018-1-011 a) Germany / b) Federal Constitutional Court / c) First Panel / d) 11.04.2018 / e) 1 BvR 3080/09 / f) Stadium Ban /
ISR-2018-1-001 a) Israel / b) Supreme Court (High Court of Justice) / c) First Panel / d) 13.09.2017 / e) HCJ 7803/06 / f) Abu Arfa v. The Minister of the Interior / ISR-2018-1-002 a) Israel / b) Supreme Court (High Court of Justice) / c) First Panel / d) 08.10.2017 / e) HCJ 6536/17 / f) The Movement for Quality Government in Israel v. The Israel Police /
ITA-2018-1-001 a) Italy / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 26.09.2017 / e) 262/2017 / f) / ITA-2018-1-002 a) Italy / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 24.10.2017 / e) 250/2017 / f) / ITA-2018-1-003 a) Italy / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 07.11.2017 / e) 269/2017 / f) / ITA-2018-1-004 a) Italy / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 08.11.2017 / e) 258/2017 / f) / ITA-2018-1-005 a) Italy / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 22.11.2017 / e) 5/2018 / f) / ITA-2018-1-006 a) Italy / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 22.11.2017 / e) 268/2017 / f) / ITA-2018-1-007 a) Italy / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 22.11.2017 / e) 272/2017 / f) / ITA-2018-1-008 a) Italy / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 09.01.2018 / e) 12/2018 / f) /
KOR-2018-1-001 a) Korea / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 29.09.2016 / e) 2014Hun-Ba254 / f) Case on Accidents that Occur While Commuting to or from Work / KOR-2018-1-002 a) Korea / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 27.10.2016 / e) 2015Hun-Ma1206, 2016Hun-Ma277 (consolidated) / f) Case on the Unconstitutionality of the Enforcement Decree of the Act on the Promotion of Newspapers, Etc. Prescribing the Employment Requirements for an Online Newspaper / KOR-2018-1-003 a) Korea / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 24.11.2016 / e) 2016Hun-Ka3 / f) Case on the Obscene Exposure Provision in the Punishment of Minor Offences Act /
KOS-2018-1-001 a) Kosovo / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 18.04.2018 / e) KO 122/17 / f) Ceska Exportnà Banka A.S – Constitutional review of Decision Ae. no. 185/2017 of the Court of Appeals of 11 August 2017 and Decision IV. EK. C. no. 273/2016 of the Basic Court in Prishtina of 14 June 2017 /
LAT-2018-1-001 a) Latvia / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 12.05.2016 / e) 2015-14-0103 / f) On the compliance of Sections 1.2, 1.6, 4, 10, 18.1 of the Law on Development and Use of the National DNA Database, as well as Paragraphs 2 and 13 of the Cabinet of Ministers Regulation of 23 August 2005 no. 620 «The Procedure of Providing Information to be Included in the National DNA Database, as well as the Procedure for Collecting Biological Material and Biological Trace», insofar as these apply to persons under suspicion, with Article 96 of the Constitution / LAT-2018-1-002 a) Latvia / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 15.11.2016 / e) 2015-25-01 / f) On the compliance of Sections 60, 61 and 62 of the Law on Taxes and Duties with the First Sentence of Article 91 and Articles 92 and 105 of the Constitution / LAT-2018-1-003 a) Latvia / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 19.10.2017 / e) 2016-14-01 / f) On the compliance of Articles 3, 5, 6, 7 and 9 of Solidarity Tax Law with the First Sentence of Article 91 and Article 109 of the Constitution / LAT-2018-1-004 a) Latvia / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 24.11.2017 / e) 2017-07-01 / f) On the compliance of Article 50.1 of Education Law, insofar as it prevents somebody who has been convicted of particularly serious crimes from working as a teacher, with Article 106 of the Constitution / LAT-2018-1-005 a) Latvia / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 21.12.2017 / e) 2017-03-01 / f) On the compliance of the Fourth and the Sixth Part of Section 30, the Fifth and the Sixth Part of Section 48, Section 50.5, and Paragraph 21 of the First Part of Section 51 of Education Law with the first sentence of Article 100 and the first sentence of Article 106 of the Constitution [..] / LAT-2018-1-006 a) Latvia / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 29.06.2018 / e) 2017-25-01 / f) On Compliance of Section 5.6 of the Parliament Election Law with Articles 1, 9 and 91 of the Constitution /
LTU-2018-1-001 a) Lithuania / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 08.03.2018 / e) KT4-N3/2018 / f) On the material liability of ministers / LTU-2018-1-002 a) Lithuania / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 12.04.2018 / e) KT6-N4/2018 / f) On the requirements for government resolutions that recognise projects as important to the State /
MNE-2018-1-001 a) Montenegro / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 27.03.2018 / e) U-I 31/14 / f) /
NOR-2018-1-001 a) Norway / b) Supreme Court / c) Plenary / d) 09.03.2018 / e) HR 2018-456-P / f) / ORGANISATION OF AMERICAN STATES
IAC-2018-1-001 a) Organisation of American States / b) Inter-American Court of Human Rights / c) / d) 31.08.2017 / e) Series C 340 / f) Lagos del Campo v. Peru /
POR-2018-1-001 a) Portugal / b) Constitutional Court / c) Third Chamber / d) 13.10.2017 / e) 672/17 / f) / POR-2018-1-002 a) Portugal / b) Constitutional Court / c) Third Chamber, Plenary / d) 21.11.2017 / e) 786/17 / f) / POR-2018-1-003 a) Portugal / b) Constitutional Court / c) First Chamber / d) 12.12.2017 / e) 825/17 / f) / POR-2018-1-004 a) Portugal / b) Constitutional Court / c) Plenary / d) 13.12.2017 / e) 848/17 / f) / POR-2018-1-005 a) Portugal / b) Constitutional Court / c) Third Chamber / d) 20.12.2017 / e) 851/17 / f) / POR-2018-1-006 a) Portugal / b) Constitutional Court / c) Plenary / d) 24.04.2018 / e) 225/18 / f) /
ROM-2018-1-001 a) Romania / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 18.01.2018 / e) 21/2018 / f) The exception of unconstitutionality of the provisions of Article 352.11 and 352.12 of the Criminal Procedure Code / ROM-2018-1-002 a) Romania / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 18.01.2018 / e) 22/2018 / f) Decision on the exception of unconstitutionality of the provisions of Article 102.2 to 102.4 of the Code of Criminal Procedure / ROM-2018-1-003 a) Romania / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 23.01.2018 / e) 33/2018 / f) The objection of unconstitutionality of the provisions amending and supplementing Law no. 304/2004 on the judicial organisation /
RUS-2018-1-001 a) Russia / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 13.02.2018 / e) 8 / f) / RUS-2018-1-002 a) Russia / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 22.03.2018 / e) 12 / f) / RUS-2018-1-003 a) Russia / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 25.04.2018 / e) 17 / f) /
SRB-2018-1-001 a) Serbia / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 05.04.2018 / e) Uz-6213/2016 / f) /
SLO-2018-1-001 a) Slovenia / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 10.03.2016 / e) U-I-289/13 / f) /
RSA-2018-1-001 a) South Africa / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 29.12.2017 / e) CCT 76/17 / f) Economic Freedom Fighters and Others v. Speaker of the National Assembly and Another / RSA-2018-1-002 a) South Africa / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 29.12.2017 / e) CCT 101/17 / f) AfriForum and Another v. University of the Free State / RSA-2018-1-003 a) South Africa / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 23.02.2018 / e) CCT 315/16, CCT 193/17 / f) S v. Okah / RSA-2018-1-004 a) South Africa / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 24.04.2018 / e) CCT 107/17 / f) Cishahayo Saidi and Others v. Minister of Home Affairs and Others /
ESP-2018-1-001 a) Spain / b) Constitutional Court / c) Second Chamber / d) 22.01.2018 / e) 3/2018 / f) / ESP-2018-1-002 a) Spain / b) Constitutional Court / c) Plenary / d) 08.02.2018 / e) 12/2018 / f) / ESP-2018-1-003 a) Spain / b) Constitutional Court / c) First Chamber / d) 05.03.2018 / e) 21/2018 / f) / ESP-2018-1-004 a) Spain / b) Constitutional Court / c) Plenary / d) 05.03.2018 / e) 22/2018 / f) / ESP-2018-1-005 a) Spain / b) Constitutional Court / c) First Chamber / d) 05.03.2018 / e) 26/2018 / f) / ESP-2018-1-006 a) Spain / b) Constitutional Court / c) Plenary / d) 26.04.2018 / e) 46/2018 / f) /
SWE-2018-1-001 a) Sweden / b) Supreme Administrative Court / c) / d) 09.02.2018 / e) 991-17 / f) /
SUI-2018-1-001 a) Switzerland / b) Federal Court / c) Second Court of Public Law / d) 21.07.2017 / e) 2C774/2014 / f) Association A. et al. v. The Grand Council of the Republic and Canton of Neuchâtel / "THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA"
MKD-2018-1-001 a) "The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia" / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 02.05.2018 / e) U.br. 27/2017 / f)
TUR-2018-1-001 a) Turkey / b) Constitutional Court / c) Plenary / d) 15.11.2017 / e) 2015/76 / f) / TUR-2018-1-002 a) Turkey / b) Constitutional Court / c) First Section / d) 26.12.2017 / e) 2014/5042 / f) Recep Kolbasar / TUR-2018-1-003 a) Turkey / b) Constitutional Court / c) Plenary / d) 15.03.2018 / e) 2018/3007 / f) Sahin Alpay (2) /
UKR-2018-1-001 a) Ukraine / b) Constitutional Court / c) Grand Chamber / d) 27.02.2018 / e) 1-rp/2018 / f) Conformity to the Constitution (constitutionality) of the provisions of paragraphs 13 and 14 of clause 32 of Chapter 1 of the Law «On amending the Tax Code and some of the legislative acts on tax reform» and the Supreme Court regarding conformity to the Constitution (constitutionality) of the provisions of Article 164.2.19.1 of the Tax Code (case on taxation of pensions and monthly life-time maintenance) / UKR-2018-1-002 a) Ukraine / b) Constitutional Court / c) Grand Chamber / d) 28.02.2018 / e) 2-rp/2018 / f) Conformity of the Law «On the Principles of State Language Policy» to the Constitution (constitutionality) / UKR-2018-1-003 a) Ukraine / b) Constitutional Court / c) Grand Chamber / d) 24.04.2018 / e) 3-rp/2018 / f) Conformity of the provisions of Article 216.6 of the Criminal Procedure Code with the Constitution / UKR-2018-1-004 a) Ukraine / b) Constitutional Court / c) Grand Chamber / d) 26.04.2018 / e) 4-rp/2018 / f) Conformity of the Law «On All-Ukrainian Referendum» to the Constitution (constitutionality) /
A provision allowing for multiple submissions of enforceable titles by claimants, with the established three year period re-starting whenever the titles are resubmitted for enforcement, results in the debtor's assets being removed from circulation for an unlimited period. This restricts the debtor's right to ownership.
3.9
General Principles - Rule of law.
3.10
General Principles - Certainty of the law.
3.12
General Principles - Clarity and precision of legal provisions.
5.3.13.2
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Effective remedy.
5.3.39
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to property.
Judgment, enforcement, proceedings / Limitation periods, rights, conditions.
In summary proceedings for a court order, judicial remedies are in place to protect the rights and legitimate interests of claimants and debtors. If the court order affects the rights and legitimate interests of other persons, and imposes certain duties upon them, those persons should be provided with procedural guarantees, equal to those enjoyed by the debtors, to protect their rights and... Read more
1.3.5.15
Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - The subject of review - Failure to act or to pass legislation.
3.12
General Principles - Clarity and precision of legal provisions.
3.21
General Principles - Equality.
5.3.13.1.2
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Scope - Civil proceedings.
5.3.13.2
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Effective remedy.
Summary proceedings, rights, equal protection.
Criminalisation of the act of leaving or entering Belgian territory with a view to committing in Belgium or elsewhere a terrorist offence is not incompatible with the principle of legality of offences.
Nor is it incompatible with the "principle of the free movement of persons", given the obligations placed on States by the United Nations Security Council concerning the threat posed by foreign... Read more
3.14
General Principles -
5.3.5
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty.
5.3.6
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of movement.
Terrorism, offence, intent / Territory, entry, exit / Free movement of persons, foreign terrorist fighters / United Nations, Security Council, resolution, implementation.
Except for manifestly unreasonable decisions, it lies within the discretion of the legislature to determine the categories of Belgians whose citizenship may be withdrawn and those categories for which this possibility must be ruled out.
Withdrawal of Belgian citizenship on the basis of Article 23.1.1.2° of the Belgian Citizenship Code is a civil measure and is not a criminal-law measure within... Read more
1.4.11
Constitutional Justice - Procedure - Hearing.
1.4.11.3
Constitutional Justice - Procedure - Hearing - In public / in camera.
5.1.1.1
Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Nationals.
5.2
Fundamental Rights - Equality.
5.2.2.4
Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Citizenship or nationality.
5.3.8
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to citizenship or nationality.
5.3.14
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights -
5.3.33
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to family life.
Citizenship, withdrawal / Terrorism / Public order / Citizenship, withdrawal, difference in treatment / Citizenship, acquisition / Sentence, classification, ne bis in idem / Stateless person / Extradition.
The possibility of including lawyers against their will on the list of lawyers providing level-2 legal aid, insofar as this is necessary for the effectiveness of legal aid, helps to ensure the effectiveness of that aid for the poorest citizens, which is clearly a social solidarity objective.
As compulsory participation cannot be interpreted as taking up all the working time of the lawyers... Read more
2.1.1.1.1
Sources - Categories - Written rules - National rules - Constitution.
2.1.1.4.4
Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments - European Convention on Human Rights of 1950.
4.7.15.1.3
Institutions - Judicial bodies - Legal assistance and representation of parties - The Bar - Role of members of the Bar.
5.3.5.2
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty - Prohibition of forced or compulsory labour.
5.3.32
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life.
5.3.33
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to family life.
5.3.39
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to property.
5.4.4
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Freedom to choose one's profession.
5.4.6
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Commercial and industrial freedom.
Legal aid, free / Lawyer, officially appointed, consent / Lawyer, professional privilege / Forced labour, prohibition / Legal assistance, right, standstill obligation.
An article in the Law on Enforcement Procedure which required a settlement decision to be posted on the court's bulletin board which did not specify when the decision had to be posted on the board did not provide a sufficiently certain basis on which interested parties could calculate the time limit for filing an appeal from the decision. Therefore, it was inconsistent with the right to a fair... Read more
5.3.13
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial.
Appeal, filing, procedural safeguards / Appeal, time-limit / Ruling, posting on the court's bulletin board.
The State has a legal duty to maintain minimum humane standards for those detained in prison. Such standards are to be set by law. Consequently, the State is responsible, under Article 37.6 of the Constitution, for damages (including moral damages) suffered by prison inmates once it is established that such harm was caused by a failure to secure such minimum standards.
4.6.10.1
Institutions - Executive bodies - Liability - Legal liability.
5.3.1
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to dignity.
5.3.3
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Prohibition of torture and inhuman and degrading treatment.
5.3.4
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to physical and psychological integrity.
Liability, State, basis / Damage, compensation, State, conditions / Detention, condition / Detention, humane / Prisoner, rights, violation, remedy.
The constitutional tax exemption granted to books, newspapers, periodicals and paper used for their printing applies to e-books, including the media on which they are provided.
5.3.42
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Rights in respect of taxation.
5.4.19
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to health.
Tax exemption / Taxation law, interpretation / Book, digital, exploitation / Interpretation, evolving.
Different succession rules between marriage and civil partnership are unconstitutional.
5.2.2.11
Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Sexual orientation.
5.2.2.12
Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Civil status.
5.3.45
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Protection of minorities and persons belonging to minorities.
Succession law / Succession, rights / Succession, rules / Marriage and the family, state, protection, duty / Marriage, civil partnership, unequal treatment / Marriage, civil partnership, treatment, unequal.
The right to freedom of expression applies the same level of protection to individuals' use of the internet, or other means of mass communication, as it does to other more traditional means of speech and communication.
Articles 44 and 45 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction place defendants under a legal obligation to provide answers under oath and to do so by way of the provision of... Read more
5.3.21
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of expression.
5.3.23
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Rights in respect of the audiovisual media and other means of mass communication.
5.3.37
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right of petition.
Defendant, answers under oath / Defendant, detailed answers / Inadequate answers, plaintiff's redress.
Requirement for elite athletes in "target group" to keep authorities informed of their whereabouts for purposes of random drug testing
The obligation placed on certain athletes to notify information on their whereabouts, which impacts the quality of their private life, does not constitute a violation of Article 8 ECHR, as reducing or removing this obligation could increase the dangers of doping... Read more
3.18
General Principles - General interest.
5.3.32
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life.
5.3.33
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to family life.
5.3.35
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Inviolability of the home.
5.4.19
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to health.
Health, protection, state targeted programme / Sports, doping, prevention / Sports, doping, testing / Sports, athlete, drug testing, random / Sports, athlete, whereabouts, obligation to inform.
Failure to ensure fourteen-year old girl was looked after while her parents were held in police custody
The States' positive obligations inherent in an effective respect for private or family life under Article 8 ECHR include a duty to either place detained parents of a minor in a position to arrange for their care at the time of being taken into custody, or to enquire into their situation of... Read more
5.1.1.4.1
Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Natural persons - Minors.
5.1.3
Fundamental Rights - General questions - Positive obligation of the state.
5.3.32
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life.
5.3.33
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to family life.
Positive obligation / Child, parents, detention, police, obligation to care.
Dismissal for using work computer to store large volume of pornographic material
While companies may accept limited private use of their computer facilities, the opening of an employee's files on his professional computer without his knowledge and in his absence could constitute interference with his right to respect for private life.
Although recognising a requirement in principle for... Read more
3.16
General Principles - Proportionality.
5.3.32
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life.
Employee, work computer, private use / Employee, work computer, pornographic material, storage.
Absence of universal civil jurisdiction in respect of torture
Notwithstanding the broad consensus within the international community on the existence of a right for victims of acts of torture to obtain appropriate and effective redress, and without ruling out the possibility of future developments in this dynamic area, there was no binding norm of international law obliging States to confer on... Read more
3.16
General Principles - Proportionality.
3.19
General Principles - Margin of appreciation.
4.7.1.2
Institutions - Judicial bodies - Jurisdiction - Universal jurisdiction.
4.8.8.2.2
Institutions - Federalism, regionalism and local self-government - Distribution of powers - Implementation - Distribution
5.3.3
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Prohibition of torture and inhuman and degrading treatment.
5.3.13.1.2
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Scope - Civil proceedings.
5.3.13.3
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Access to courts.
Forum of necessity, connecting factor / Torture / Victim, redress, universal jurisdiction.
Derogation under a state of emergency no justification for disregarding the rule of law and democratic pluralism
Although an attempted military coup justifies a derogation from the Convention, pre-trial detention that is unlawful on account of the lack of reasonable suspicion is not strictly required by the exigencies of the situation. For another court to call into question the powers conferred... Read more
1.6.6
Constitutional Justice - Effects - Execution.
1.6.7
Constitutional Justice - Effects - Influence on State organs.
1.6.9.1
Constitutional Justice - Effects - Consequences for other cases - Ongoing cases.
3.3.3
General Principles - Democracy - Pluralist democracy.
3.9
General Principles - Rule of law.
3.10
General Principles - Certainty of the law.
3.16
General Principles - Proportionality.
4.18
Institutions - State of emergency and emergency powers.
5.3.5.1.3
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty - Deprivation of liberty - Detention pending trial.
Constitutional Court, length of proceedings, caseload / Constitutional Court, judgment, effectiveness / Emergency, state, democratic pluralism / Emergency, state, rule of law / European Convention on Human Rights, derogation / Expression, criminal charges / Freedom of expression, terrorism charges / Government, criticism, criminal charges / Military coup, human rights, limitation / Pre-trial detention, last resort / Tolerance, State.
Belated addition by applicants of fifty-year period to complaint about property rights based on adverse possession
If the Court were to base its decision on facts not covered by the applicant's complaint, it would rule beyond the scope of the case and exceed its jurisdiction by deciding matters which had not been "referred" to it. It would not be so doing if it were, by applying the jura... Read more
1.4.3
Constitutional Justice - Procedure - Time-limits for instituting proceedings.
1.4.6
Constitutional Justice - Procedure - Grounds.
3.10
General Principles - Certainty of the law.
Fact, new, submission to court, admissibility.
Alleged new fact of no decisive influence on findings in the original judgment
Having regard to the exceptional nature of the revision procedure, once aware of possible grounds for revision, a party had a certain duty of diligence and thus had to take reasonable steps to ascertain whether such grounds actually existed, in order to put the Court in a position to rule on the matter without... Read more
1.4.13
Constitutional Justice - Procedure - Re-opening of hearing.
5.3.3
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Prohibition of torture and inhuman and degrading treatment.
Fact, new, submission to court / Interrogation, technique, long-term effect / Revision, conditions / Revision, judgment.
The competent courts failed to establish all the facts and circumstances of the current case for the purpose of achieving a just balance between the lessor's right of ownership and the right of the tenancy right holder (the lessee) to enter into a lease contract for a flat with protected rent in accordance with the applicable provisions of the Lease of Flats Act.
Such a failure was a sufficient... Read more
5.3.39
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to property.
Housing, lessee, right to protected rent, statutory conditions / Lease, contract / Lessor, right to property, violation, procedural aspect.
The applicant's right to local self-government, as the local government body, is not brought into question by a statutory provision that provides that the Government may relieve the head of the municipality, mayor or county prefect and their deputies, of their duties should they fail to propose a budget to the representative body or if they withdraw such a proposal before it is voted on without... Read more
3.9
General Principles - Rule of law.
3.10
General Principles - Certainty of the law.
4.8.6.2
Institutions - Federalism, regionalism and local self-government - Institutional aspects - Executive.
4.8.8
Institutions - Federalism, regionalism and local self-government - Distribution of powers.
Budget, local self-government / Budget, abuse of power by executive body, protection by statutory provision / Local self-government, executive body, governmental duty to provide relief / Mayor, governmental duty to provide relief / Representative body of local self-government, right to self-government / Vacatio legis, necessary length.
The concept of legal finality of a decision in administrative proceedings does not prevent administrative acts from being put out of force as a result of knowledge of new facts. However, this may only be done within the period established by the legislator. If the legislator does not provide for such a period but makes it possible for administrative acts to be put out of force at any time, this... Read more
3.5
General Principles - Social State.
3.9
General Principles - Rule of law.
3.10
General Principles - Certainty of the law.
3.11
General Principles - Vested and/or acquired rights.
5.4.14
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to social security.
5.4.16
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to a pension.
Administrative act, finality / Pension insurance, acquired rights, subsequent supervision and control, time limit.
No medical or scientific reasons for prescribing the existence of tattoos as a medical contraindication for admission to or performance of police duties were given in an Ordinance on the basis that they constituted a deviation from the health conditions necessary for mental or physical capacity (particularly regarding the ability to perform a specific activity). Therefore, the respective... Read more
3.9
General Principles - Rule of law.
3.13
General Principles - Legality.
4.6.9.1
Institutions - Executive bodies - The civil service - Conditions of access.
Police officers, candidates, health capacity, tattoos / Minister, law-making power, overstepped / Regulation, executive, minister.
Individuals with a disability who find themselves to be in an unfavourable social situation have a public, subjective,right to access suitable social care services (§ 38 of the Act on Social Services). This corresponds to the obligation placed on the public authorities the regions to ensure that individuals who find themselves to be in such circumstances in their territory necessary social... Read more
3.5
General Principles - Social State.
4.7.9
Institutions - Judicial bodies - Administrative courts.
5.1.3
Fundamental Rights - General questions - Positive obligation of the state.
5.2.2.8
Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Physical or mental disability.
5.3.1
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to dignity.
5.3.13.2
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Effective remedy.
5.3.13.3
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Access to courts.
5.4.9
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right of access to the public service.
5.4.14
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to social security.
5.4.18
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to a sufficient standard of living.
5.4.19
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to health.
Access to courts, meaning / Disabled person, right / Disabled person, social assistance / Family / Family, financial situation / Health care / Law, regional / Planning, regional / Policy, social / Region / Social assistance / Social guarantee / Social protection / Social right, progressive realisation / Social security / Social service / Social welfare, arrangements / Solidarity, social.
Freedom of expression as a fundamental political right protects not only the propagation of important messages in terms of ideas and thoughts. The right of every individual to express their opinions also includes the right to express them in a humorous form, with a reasonable degree of exaggeration or irony. This right also applies to public service media and, even more so, to private media.
3.16
General Principles - Proportionality.
5.3.21
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of expression.
5.3.23
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Rights in respect of the audiovisual media and other means of mass communication.
Commercial speech / Information / Information, accuracy / Mass media / Media, accurate information / Media, Audiovisual Council, National / Media, broadcasting / Media, news reporting, freedom / Media, television / Media, television, broadcasting / Media, television, freedom of broadcasting / Public opinion, forming / Reporting, freedom, broadcasts / Speech, commercial, freedom / Unbiased reporting.
The protection of human freedom without the protection of human life, health, and the environment which allows life and freedom, would be meaningless. It is the duty of the state, in order to ensure and fulfil the right to protection of health under Article 31 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms, to take adequate measures, including by means of improving all aspects of external... Read more
3.12
General Principles - Clarity and precision of legal provisions.
3.16
General Principles - Proportionality.
3.20
General Principles - Reasonableness.
3.22
General Principles - Prohibition of arbitrariness.
5.3.32
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life.
5.3.39.3
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to property - Other limitations.
5.4.6
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Commercial and industrial freedom.
5.4.7
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Consumer protection.
5.4.19
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to health.
Alcohol, sale / Alcoholism, preventive measures / Autonomy, restricted / Business activity / Employee, protection / Health, protection / Health, public / Health, risk / Offence, administrative / Ownership right, restriction / Personal autonomy, exercise / Public health, protection / Right to health, minimum content / Tobacco, products / Tobacco, sale, restrictions.
In the field of law-making, parliament has broad discretion as to how, whether and what legal relationships to regulate. When checking the constitutionality of parliament's failure to issue a legislative act, the Supreme Court will assess whether an unconstitutional gap exists in the legal order. The competence of a court to request parliament to enact certain rules can have only limited scope,... Read more
3.4
General Principles - Separation of powers.
3.12
General Principles - Clarity and precision of legal provisions.
5.3.32
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life.
5.3.33
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to family life.
Implementation, law / State, liability / Same-sex partnership.
Article 2.2.b.i of Council Directive 2008/78/EC of 27 November 2000 establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation must be interpreted as precluding national legislation under which an employer may dismiss a worker on the grounds of his intermittent absences from work, even if justified, in a situation where those absences are the consequence of sickness... Read more
5.2.1.2
Fundamental Rights - Equality - Scope of application - Employment.
5.2.2.8
Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Physical or mental disability.
Employment, termination notice / Employment, disability, discrimination / Disability, concept / Disability, discrimination.
Article 3.3 of Council Framework Decision 2002/584/JHA of 13 June 2002 on the European arrest warrant and the surrender procedures between Member States, as amended by Council Framework Decision 2009/299/JHA of 26 February 2009, is to be interpreted as meaning that the judicial authority of the executing Member State must refuse to surrender only those minors who are the subject of a European... Read more
5.1.1.4.1
Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Natural persons - Minors.
5.3.5.1.1
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty - Deprivation of liberty - Arrest.
5.3.13.1.3
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Scope - Criminal proceedings.
Minor, surrender, limitation / Minor, criminal liability, diminished / Minor, criminal proceedings / European Arrest Warrant, minor.
The second subparagraph of Article 19.1 TEU must be interpreted as meaning that the principle of judicial independence does not preclude general salary-reduction measures, such as those at issue in the main proceedings, linked to requirements to eliminate an excessive budget deficit and to an EU financial assistance programme, from being applied to the members of the Tribunal de Contas... Read more
4.7.4.1
Institutions - Judicial bodies - Organisation - Members.
4.7.4.6
Institutions - Judicial bodies - Organisation - Budget.
5.3.13.14
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Independence.
Judge, independence, financial / Judge, independence, remuneration, adequate / Judiciary, budget, necessary amount.
Article 45 TFEU and Articles 2, 6 and 16 of Council Directive 2000/78/EC of 27 November 2000 establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation are to be interpreted as not precluding national legislation, such as that at issue in the main proceedings, which, in order to end discrimination on grounds of age arising as a result of the application of national law that... Read more
5.2.1.2
Fundamental Rights - Equality - Scope of application - Employment.
5.2.2.7
Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Age.
Employment, conditions, criteria / Employment, fair pay / Employment, salary, discrimination.
Article 50 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (hereinafter, the "Charter") must be interpreted as not precluding national legislation in accordance with which criminal proceedings may be brought against a person for failing to pay value added tax due within the time limits stipulated by law, although that person has already been made subject, in relation to the same acts,... Read more
3.16
General Principles - Proportionality.
5.3.14
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights -
Administrative sanction, followed by criminal proceedings / Punishment, term, determination / Tax, offence, sanction / Double jeopardy, administrative, criminal, tax matters.
There was no basis in law to restrict contact between an individual committed to a special care unit and a relative. Any such restriction must be established in law and must be consistent with the right to privacy and to family life.
5.3.32
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life.
5.3.33
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to family life.
Mentally handicapped persons, special care / Visits, operating model / Contact, restrictions / Contact decision, legal challenge / Restriction, absence of legal regulation.
Courts cannot require individuals to submit photographic or video evidence showing them to be in intimate situations in order to prove their sexual orientation for the purposes of international protection/asylum proceedings. Such conduct would violate human dignity and the right to privacy of those individuals and anyone else in the photograph or video. This remained the case where the parties... Read more
5.3.1
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to dignity.
5.3.11
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right of asylum.
5.3.13.17
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Rules of evidence.
5.3.32
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life.
Alien case / International protection / Asylum / Subsidiary protection / Sexual orientation / Assessment of personal credibility / Oral hearing, evidence / Free evaluation of evidence, principle.
The provisions of the Law on the state of emergency granting the Préfet, when a state of emergency is declared and only for places situated in the area covered, the power "to establish, by decree, protection or security zones where the residence of individuals is regulated" do not ensure a balance between, on the one hand, the constitutional objective of safeguarding public order and, on... Read more
4.18
Institutions - State of emergency and emergency powers.
5.3.6
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of movement.
5.3.32
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life.
5.3.33
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to family life.
5.3.39
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to property.
5.4.6
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Commercial and industrial freedom.
State of emergency, protection, zone.
Article 13 of the Amending Finance Act of 31 July 1963 instituting a system of compensation for persons of French nationality who suffered physical injury in Algeria between 31 October 1954 and 29 September 1962 as a result of an attack or any other act of violence, and for their dependants of French nationality, infringes the principle of equality before the law, in that it reserves the benefit... Read more
5.2.2.4
Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Citizenship or nationality.
Algeria, war, right to a pension.
The provisions authorising the Minister of the Interior, in order to prevent the commission of terrorist acts, to prohibit certain persons from travelling outside a given geographical area may not, without infringing the freedom of movement, the right to respect for private life and the right to normal family life, exceed, continuously or otherwise, a total cumulative duration of 12 months.
By... Read more
5.3.6
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of movement.
5.3.9
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right of residence.
5.3.13.2
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Effective remedy.
5.3.32
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life.
5.3.33
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to family life.
Terrorism, compulsory residence order.
Interference with the exercise of freedom of expression and communication resulting from Article 11 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, which establishes the principle of the secrecy of inquiry and investigation proceedings, is necessary, appropriate and proportionate to the objective pursued. These provisions are therefore in conformity with the Constitution.
The legislature is not prohibited... Read more
5.3.13.22
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Presumption of innocence.
5.3.21
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of expression.
5.3.23
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Rights in respect of the audiovisual media and other means of mass communication.
Search, journalist, presence.
In failing to require the Assize Court to state reasons for the choice of sentence, the legislature has violated the requirements resulting from Articles 7, 8 and 9 of the 1789 Declaration. Accordingly, the second subparagraph of Article 365-1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure is unconstitutional.
5.3.13.18
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Reasoning.
Assize Court, judgment, reasons.
The provisions amending the conditions for the administrative detention of and imposing a compulsory residence measure on asylum seekers falling under the European Regulation of 26 June 2013 establishing the criteria and mechanisms for determining the member state responsible for examining an application for international protection lodged in one of the member states by a third-country national... Read more
5.3.11
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right of asylum.
Europe, asylum, regime / Administrative detention / Compulsory residence measure.
The provisions introducing an exception from the ordinary legal regime applicable to by-elections organised by the employer in order to fill vacant positions in the staff delegation on the social and economic committee (dispensing the employer from the requirement to organise by-elections where the vacancies resulted from the annulment by the courts of the election of members of the committee... Read more
5.3.13.2
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Effective remedy.
5.3.41
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Electoral rights.
5.4.11
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Freedom of trade unions.
Social dialogue.
With regard to the protection zones that may be established by Préfets in areas exposed to the risk of a terrorist act, access to which and movement within which are regulated, the contested provisions are constitutional, subject to three interpretative reservations:
-
5.3.6
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of movement.
5.3.13.2
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Effective remedy.
5.3.18
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of conscience.
5.3.20
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of worship.
5.3.32.1
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life - Protection of personal data.
5.3.33
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to family life.
5.3.39
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to property.
Terrorism, fight, administrative measure / Terrorism, protection, zone.
1. The consideration of specific artistic criteria required by Article 5.3.1 of the Basic Law demands recognising the use of sequences of works protected by copyright as a means of creative expression and creative design. If this freedom of creative expression is measured against an interference with copyrights or related rights that only slightly limits the possibilities of exploitation, the... Read more
5.1.4
Fundamental Rights - General questions - Limits and restrictions.
5.4.12
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to intellectual property.
5.4.22
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Artistic freedom.
Creativity, intellectual freedom / Copyright law, right to equitable remuneration.
1. Courts violate the fundamental right to effective legal protection guaranteed under the first sentence of Article 19.4 of the Basic Law if they fail to investigate the risk of torture or inhuman detention conditions in case of deportation even though the existence of such risk is seriously indicated.
2. Constitutional guarantees require that the public authorities and courts investigate,... Read more
2.1.1.4.4
Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments - European Convention on Human Rights of 1950.
2.1.3.2.1
Sources - Categories - Case-law - International case-law - European Court of Human Rights.
5.3.1
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to dignity.
5.3.2
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to life.
5.3.3
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Prohibition of torture and inhuman and degrading treatment.
5.3.4
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to physical and psychological integrity.
5.3.13.2
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Effective remedy.
Detention conditions, inhuman / Expulsion from country of residence / Terrorism, Islamist / Judicial duty to investigate / Human rights, violation, abroad / Terrorist organisation, support, criminal conviction / Torture, prison, abroad / Effective remedy, interim relief proceedings.
1. When the fundamental right to freedom of expression is exercised primarily as a contribution to the formation of public opinion, rather than in private discussion, then the effects of this expression on the rights of others are an inevitable consequence, but not its actual aim. The more a statement affecting the legal interest of another is made in contribution to an issue that concerns the... Read more
3.17
General Principles - Weighing of interests.
5.3.19
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of opinion.
5.3.21
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of expression.
5.3.31
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to respect for one's honour and reputation.
Deceased, reputation, respect, right / Defamation, criminal, sanction / Defamation, memory of deceased / Defamation, via Internet / Freedom of expression, context, political / Opinion, expression, interpretation, courts / Opinion, expression, legal assessment / Personality, right, general.
The standard of review applicable to challenges of Justices on the grounds of possible bias is not whether a Justice is in fact prejudiced or biased; rather, it must be assessed whether it is reasonable for parties to the proceedings, taking into account all relevant circumstances, to doubt the Justice's impartiality.
1.4.10.6.1
Constitutional Justice - Procedure - Interlocutory proceedings - Challenging of a judge - Automatic disqualification.
1.4.10.6.2
Constitutional Justice - Procedure - Interlocutory proceedings - Challenging of a judge - Challenge at the instance of a party.
3.4
General Principles - Separation of powers.
3.9
General Principles - Rule of law.
5.3.13.14
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Independence.
5.3.13.15
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Impartiality.
Judge, constitutional court, challenge, bias / Suicide, assistance, criminal offence / Law-making procedure, draft law, explanatory memorandum / Judicial independence, constitutional principle / Judicial impartiality, constitutional principle.
1. Not only during election campaigns does the principle of equal opportunities of political parties require that the principle of state neutrality be observed.
2. The negative assessment of a political event by state organs that could have a deterrent effect and thereby influence the behaviour of potential participants in the event interferes with the right of the party concerned to equal... Read more
1.2.2.4
Constitutional Justice - Types of claim - Claim by a private body or individual - Political parties.
4.5.10
Institutions - Legislative bodies - Political parties.
4.5.10.3
Institutions - Legislative bodies - Political parties - Role.
Political parties, equal participation, right / Government members, neutrality, principle.
The decision that the greenhouse emission allowances issued to operators of energy generating installations under the EU Emissions Trading System no longer be allocated free of charge in their entirety, and that the allocation guarantee set out in previous legislation be discontinued, does not violate Article 2.1 of the Basic Law in conjunction with the constitutional rules governing public... Read more
3.19
General Principles - Margin of appreciation.
4.10.1
Institutions - Public finances - Principles.
4.10.7.1
Institutions - Public finances - Taxation - Principles.
5.2.1.1
Fundamental Rights - Equality - Scope of application - Public burdens.
5.3.39
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to property.
Climate, protection / Emissions, trading / Installation, energy generating / Equality, criteria of distinction, industry sector, emissions / EU Emissions Trading System / Greenhouse gas emissions / Natural resources, clean air / Non-tax levy, justification / Pollution, air / Power plant / Public finances, principles, equal burdening / Public finances, principles, generating revenues / Windfall profits.
1. The publication of official information must be measured against Article 12.1 of the Basic Law, if the objective pursued and the resulting indirect and factual impacts amount to an interference with the freedom of occupation in terms of functional equivalency (funktionales Äquivalent). The publication of official information is equivalent to an interference with Article 12.1 of the... Read more
2.3.2
Sources - Techniques of review - Concept of constitutionality dependent on a specified interpretation.
3.16
General Principles - Proportionality.
3.17
General Principles - Weighing of interests.
3.18
General Principles - General interest.
5.1.1.5.1
Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Legal persons - Private law.
5.4.6
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Commercial and industrial freedom.
5.4.7
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Consumer protection.
Consumer choice, influence, food safety / Consumer protection, food safety, market information / Food and feed law, non-compliance, publication, mandatory / Food and feed law, limit values / Freedom of occupation, market information, interference / Information, publication, via Internet / Information, official, companies, economic disadvantage / Market transparency / Public interest, receiving information.
It is compatible with the Basic Law to appoint career civil servants with life tenure as temporary judges, as provided for under § 17 no. 3, § 18 of the Code of Administrative Procedure. § 18 of the Code of Administrative Procedure must, however, be interpreted in conformity with the Basic Law to the effect that a civil servant may not be appointed as temporary judge more than once.
2.3.2
Sources - Techniques of review - Concept of constitutionality dependent on a specified interpretation.
3.4
General Principles - Separation of powers.
3.9
General Principles - Rule of law.
4.7.4
Institutions - Judicial bodies - Organisation.
4.7.4.1.2
Institutions - Judicial bodies - Organisation - Members - Appointment.
4.7.4.1.4
Institutions - Judicial bodies - Organisation - Members - Term of office.
4.7.4.1.6.3
Institutions - Judicial bodies - Organisation - Members - Status - Irremovability.
4.7.9
Institutions - Judicial bodies - Administrative courts.
5.3.13.2
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Effective remedy.
5.3.13.3.1
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Access to courts - “Natural judge”/Tribunal established by law.
5.3.13.14
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Independence.
5.3.13.15
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Impartiality.
Asylum proceedings, legal protection / Courts, organisation, roster / Civil servants, status, protection / Judge, appointment, specified term / Judge, status, protection / Judge, challenge, bias / Temporary judges.
1. It is compatible with the principle of taxation in accordance with ability to pay following from Article 3.1 of the Basic Law that, pursuant to the second sentence of § 7 of the Trade Tax Act, a partnership (co-entrepreneurship) is generally liable for trade tax when co-entrepreneurs sell their shares, even though the profits from the sale of the co-entrepreneurs' shares remain with the... Read more
5.2.1.1
Fundamental Rights - Equality - Scope of application - Public burdens.
5.3.42
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Rights in respect of taxation.
Tax law, amendments / Tax, burden, equality / Tax, capacity to pay, principle / Trade tax.
1. The legislator has wide latitude when it comes to selecting a tax base and setting out the details of valuation provisions regarding a tax, as long as they are suitable for covering the reasons for imposing the tax burden and for reflecting a realistic valuation system as regards the relation of assets to each other.
2. Even avoiding an administrative burden, however heavy it may be, cannot... Read more
5.2.1.1
Fundamental Rights - Equality - Scope of application - Public burdens.
5.3.42
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Rights in respect of taxation.
Property tax / Tax, burden, equality / Tax, calculation.
1. Even in conjunction with the doctrine of the indirect horizontal effects of fundamental rights (mittelbare Drittwirkung), Article 3.1 of the Basic Law does not give rise to an objective constitutional principle according to which legal relationships between private actors would be generally subject to equality guarantees. In principle, all persons have the freedom to choose according... Read more
3.17
General Principles - Weighing of interests.
3.22
General Principles - Prohibition of arbitrariness.
5.1.2
Fundamental Rights - General questions - Horizontal effects.
5.2.1
Fundamental Rights - Equality - Scope of application.
5.3.39.3
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to property - Other limitations.
5.4.8
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Freedom of contract.
Jurisdiction, constitutional, court decisions, private law disputes / Practical concordance, balancing / Equality, private actors, application / Fundamental rights, private law, application / Private property, owner, right, house rules / Ripple effect (Ausstrahlungswirkung), fundamental rights / Social life, participation, right / Football, stadium ban / Standard of review, court decision, interpretation, manifest error.
A sovereign state may decide who it wishes to have enter its gates. However, exercising such authority involves, inter alia, the infringement of constitutional rights, since a permanent residency permit entitles its possessor to the right to be in Israel. The degree to which an individual's rights and interests are infringed by an expulsion is directly proportional to the intensity of that... Read more
3.3
General Principles - Democracy.
3.9
General Principles - Rule of law.
3.13
General Principles - Legality.
5.3.1
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to dignity.
5.3.9
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right of residence.
5.3.33
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to family life.
Democracy, rule of law, element / Democracy, human rights, element / Residency, revocation, ultra vires / Residency, permanent, revocation / Resident, trust, breach, severe.
Demonstrations intended to promote general values which are not the subject of "political-policy" controversies, such as the rule of law and clean government, are not political-policy demonstrations requiring a license. The very requirement prescribed for demonstrations in "a matter of policy" to receive a license in advance is not customary in Western-democratic countries which do not have a... Read more
3.13
General Principles - Legality.
3.20
General Principles - Reasonableness.
4.11.2
Institutions - Armed forces, police forces and secret services - Police forces.
5.3.21
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of expression.
5.3.28
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of assembly.
Demonstration, neighbours, burden / Demonstration, purpose / Demonstration, license / Demonstration, public security / Demonstration, public official, private residence.
The Senate and President of the Republic are entitled to introduce rules establishing self-adjudicatory bodies to preside over the legal entitlements of their staff members, rather than the ordinary judicial authorities; this represents the logical fulfilment of their organisational autonomy. These self-adjudicatory bodies are internal and separate from the judicial system but they have been... Read more
2.2.2.1
Sources - Hierarchy - Hierarchy as between national sources - Hierarchy emerging from the Constitution.
4.4.3.3
Institutions - Head of State - Powers - Relations with judicial bodies.
4.5.8
Institutions - Legislative bodies - Relations with judicial bodies.
4.7.1.3
Institutions - Judicial bodies - Jurisdiction - Conflicts of jurisdiction.
4.7.12
Institutions - Judicial bodies - Special courts.
5.3.13.3
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Access to courts.
5.3.13.14
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Independence.
5.3.13.15
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Impartiality.
Senate of the Republic, staff members, adjudicatory bodies / President of the Republic, staff members, adjudicatory bodies / Organisational autonomy.
New legislation had introduced an adjustment to the mechanism underlying the annual automatic pension increase, the extent of which was redefined in a way compatible with the resources available. This was in line with the Constitution; the adequacy of pensions must be considered not simply in terms of the automatic increase, but in terms of the overall value of the pensions. Even a total block on... Read more
3.16
General Principles - Proportionality.
3.17
General Principles - Weighing of interests.
3.18
General Principles - General interest.
3.20
General Principles - Reasonableness.
4.10.2
Institutions - Public finances - Budget.
5.4.16
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to a pension.
5.4.18
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to a sufficient standard of living.
Pension, adequacy / Pension, annual increase, block.
If doubts arise over a law in terms of the rights enshrined in the Constitution or under the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union in contexts where EU law applies, the question of constitutionality must be raised, to allow for a referral to be made seeking a preliminary ruling for matters of interpretation or over the validity of EU law.
The legislator's decision to impose the... Read more
2.2.1.6.1
Sources - Hierarchy - Hierarchy as between national and non-national sources - Law of the European Union/EU Law and domestic law - EU primary law and constitutions.
3.13
General Principles - Legality.
4.10.7.1
Institutions - Public finances - Taxation - Principles.
5.3.13.4
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Double degree of jurisdiction.
Tax system, progressive taxation / Taxation, legislative discretion.
Legislation which stipulates that Italian citizenship may only be acquired if an oath of allegiance is sworn is unconstitutional insofar as no dispensation is accorded to persons affected by a serious and certified disability from the requirement to swear the oath.
5.1.1.3
Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Foreigners.
5.1.1.4.2
Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Natural persons - Incapacitated.
5.2.2.8
Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Physical or mental disability.
5.3.8
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to citizenship or nationality.
Citizenship, foreign national / Oath of allegiance, disabled persons.
Given the present unsatisfactory level of vaccination across the population, and current trends which suggest this will reach critical levels in the future, the Government and then Parliament, were within the wide margin of discretion provided by Article 77.2 of the Constitution, when they determined that a decree-law concerning mandatory vaccination was justified on grounds of extraordinary... Read more
1.3.4.3
Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Types of litigation - Distribution of powers between central government and federal or regional entities.
4.6.2
Institutions - Executive bodies - Powers.
5.3.4
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to physical and psychological integrity.
5.3.44
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Rights of the child.
5.4.2
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to education.
5.4.19
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to health.
Health, vaccines legislation, minor children / Health, self-determination / Minor children, mandatory vaccination, access to early childhood educational services / Legislative discretion, vaccination / Executive, decree-law, prerequisites of extraordinary necessity and urgency / Vaccination policies, competence distribution, Government, Parliament and Regions.
Failure to provide for a right to an indemnity in relation to irreversible conditions resulting from particular recommended vaccinations amounts to a breach of the constitutional principles of solidarity, reasonableness and protection of health. The requirements of social solidarity and the protection of the health of the individual dictate that society at large must shoulder the burden of the... Read more
3.5
General Principles - Social State.
3.20
General Principles - Reasonableness.
5.4.19
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to health.
Vaccinations, health authority, recommendations / Influenza vaccine, complications, indemnity / Solidarity.
It is not acceptable under constitutional law for the requirement of truth concerning parentage to prevail automatically over the child's best interests. However, the balancing of that requirement against that interest must not entail the automatic negation of one in favour of the other. Such a balancing operation entails a comparative assessment of the interests underlying the ruling concerning... Read more
5.1.1.4.1
Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Natural persons - Minors.
5.2.2.12
Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Civil status.
5.3.44
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Rights of the child.
Filiation, recognition, child, best interests / Surrogacy, best interests, child / Child, biological, recognition, challenge.
Legislation had been adopted which was clearly intended to affect the outcome of a dispute in a manner favourable to the national public social security body. Retroactive legislation of this kind can only be introduced, under the European Convention on Human Rights, if there are overriding reasons of general interest. A measure of a financial nature cannot constitute an overriding reason of... Read more
2.1.1.4.4
Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments - European Convention on Human Rights of 1950.
4.5.8
Institutions - Legislative bodies - Relations with judicial bodies.
5.4.16
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to a pension.
Pension rights, retrospective provisions.
A provision which only acknowledges injuries from accidents that occur while somebody is commuting to or from work under the control and management of his or her employer as occupational accidents is in breach of the principle of equality and unconstitutional.
3.22
General Principles - Prohibition of arbitrariness.
5.2.2
Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction.
Accident, industrial, insurance / Employees, livelihoods.
Provisions which require online newspapers to have at least five regular employees, consisting of reporters and editors, and to submit documentation to confirm compliance with these regulations, are unconstitutional.
Summary
I. Under Article 2.1.1.a (Employment Provision), Article 4.2.3.c and 4.2.3.d (Verification Provisions), Addenda Article 2 (Addenda Provision) of the Enforcement... Read more
3.12
General Principles - Clarity and precision of legal provisions.
3.16
General Principles - Proportionality.
5.3.21
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of expression.
5.3.22
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of the written press.
5.3.23
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Rights in respect of the audiovisual media and other means of mass communication.
Media, press, functions / Media, social responsibility / Online newspapers, distribution structure.
A provision which sanctions a person who embarrasses or offends others by excessively exposing his or her naked body or exposing any part of his or her body which ought to be hidden violates the rule of clarity of the law and the principle of nulla poena sine lege.
Summary
I. Under Article 3.1.33 of the Punishment of Minor Offences Act (hereinafter, the "Instant Provision") any... Read more
3.12
General Principles - Clarity and precision of legal provisions.
3.14
General Principles -
Obscene exposure / Morals, culture / Legislative structure, open.
The safeguards inherent in the right to a fair trial also apply to preliminary proceedings. If a Court fails to respect one of its earlier decisions which has already become final and binding in respect of certain points, this is a violation of the right to a fair and impartial trial.
1.2.2.3
Constitutional Justice - Types of claim - Claim by a private body or individual - Profit-making corporate body.
2.1.3.1
Sources - Categories - Case-law - Domestic case-law.
2.1.3.2.1
Sources - Categories - Case-law - International case-law - European Court of Human Rights.
3.10
General Principles - Certainty of the law.
5.3.13.1.2
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Scope - Civil proceedings.
Court, decision, failure to respect / Res judicata.
The collection of biological material from suspects, and the storage of their DNA profiles in the National DNA Database, is in line with the right to private life until such time as the person concerned is not exonerated.
5.3.32.1
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life - Protection of personal data.
DNA profile, establishment, storage, use.
Norms which establish a procedure for the repayment of late tax due from a legal entity by a person who has been a member of the board of this entity during the period when the late tax accrued do not contravene the principle of equality or the presumption of innocence and are in line with the Constitution.
4.10.7
Institutions - Public finances - Taxation.
5.2.1.1
Fundamental Rights - Equality - Scope of application - Public burdens.
5.3.13.22
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Presumption of innocence.
5.3.39.3
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to property - Other limitations.
Tax, recovery, enforced / Company, board, members, liability.
The preamble to the Constitution provides that individuals do not simply take care of themselves and their relatives. They also concern themselves with the common good, thus creating a link of mutual solidarity between the individual and society as a whole. The state's obligation to implement a tax policy that is just, effective and predictable, with the aim of guaranteeing the welfare of society... Read more
3.3
General Principles - Democracy.
3.5
General Principles - Social State.
3.9
General Principles - Rule of law.
3.10
General Principles - Certainty of the law.
3.19
General Principles - Margin of appreciation.
4.10.1
Institutions - Public finances - Principles.
4.10.2
Institutions - Public finances - Budget.
4.10.7.1
Institutions - Public finances - Taxation - Principles.
5.1.3
Fundamental Rights - General questions - Positive obligation of the state.
5.2.1
Fundamental Rights - Equality - Scope of application.
Solidarity, principle / Society, common good / Welfare, national.
3.16
General Principles - Proportionality.
3.19
General Principles - Margin of appreciation.
4.6.9.2
Institutions - Executive bodies - The civil service - Reasons for exclusion.
4.6.10.1.3
Institutions - Executive bodies - Liability - Legal liability - Criminal liability.
5.3.32
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life.
5.4.1
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Freedom to teach.
5.4.2
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to education.
5.4.4
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Freedom to choose one's profession.
Civil servant, criminal record, extinguished / Teacher, employment, process.
3.12
General Principles - Clarity and precision of legal provisions.
3.24
General Principles - Loyalty to the State.
4.6.9.2
Institutions - Executive bodies - The civil service - Reasons for exclusion.
5.3.19
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of opinion.
5.3.21
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of expression.
5.4.1
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Freedom to teach.
5.4.3
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to work.
5.4.4
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Freedom to choose one's profession.
Teaching, freedom / Education, teaching staff, recruitment.
The restoration of independence in 1990 re-established the legal effect of the main articles of the Constitution of the Republic of Latvia.
The aim of the contested norm is to protect the democratic state, national security and territorial unity. The subjects of the norm are persons who, by their activities, have tried to undermine the democratic state. However, the contested norm is not of a... Read more
3.3.3
General Principles - Democracy - Pluralist democracy.
3.9
General Principles - Rule of law.
3.16
General Principles - Proportionality.
3.24
General Principles - Loyalty to the State.
4.5.3.1
Institutions - Legislative bodies - Composition - Election of members.
4.9.7.2
Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Preliminary procedures - Registration of parties and candidates.
5.3.29.1
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to participate in public affairs - Right to participate in political activity.
5.3.41.2
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Electoral rights - Right to stand for election.
Election, candidate, exclusion / Central Electoral Commission / Democracy, threat.
Ministers are required under the Constitution to properly exercise the powers of the internal administration of the ministry and to adopt lawful and grounded decisions. The status of ministers is not exclusive compared with other subjects to whom legal liability applies on the basis of general grounds established by law. Ministers who have inflicted damage are also liable in the prescribed manner... Read more
4.6.10.1.2
Institutions - Executive bodies - Liability - Legal liability - Civil liability.
5.3.25
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to administrative transparency.
Minister, official, unlawful action, damage, redress.
The constitutional principles of a state under the rule of law, the transparency of activities of public authorities and officials and responsible governance imply a requirement on the part of the Government, when recognising social, economic, cultural or other projects to be of state importance, not only to express a formal decision to recognise a particular project to be of state importance,... Read more
1.3.5.14
Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - The subject of review - Government acts.
3.9
General Principles - Rule of law.
3.18
General Principles - General interest.
Project, state importance.
According to the Constitution, the legislator is authorised to determine the manner of establishment, organisation and authority of government bodies and the procedure before such authorities, where that is necessary for their functioning, as well as other matters of interest for Montenegro, including the matter of bankruptcy (i.e. bankruptcy procedure). This authorisation implies the adoption of... Read more
3.9
General Principles - Rule of law.
3.10
General Principles - Certainty of the law.
3.12
General Principles - Clarity and precision of legal provisions.
3.13
General Principles - Legality.
3.22
General Principles - Prohibition of arbitrariness.
Constitutionality / Bankruptcy, administrative receiver / Bankruptcy judge / Rule of law, bankruptcy procedure / Right to a legal remedy / Legal norm.
The indigenous rights of the Sami are protected through both provisions of the Norwegian Constitution and various provisions of international law. The Supreme Court, having heard the case in plenary, found that the inhabitants in a regional society, holding indisputable and extensive rights of use, had not exercised their rights of use in a way that they had also acquired rights of management... Read more
2.1.1.1.1
Sources - Categories - Written rules - National rules - Constitution.
2.1.1.4.8
Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments - International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 1966.
2.1.1.4.9
Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments - International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1966.
5.3.45
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Protection of minorities and persons belonging to minorities.
Indigenous people / Land, right, indigenous / Natural resources, management.
The duty to protect the right to freedom of thought and expression is applicable to labour contexts. The State must not only respect this right, but also guarantee that workers and their representatives can exercise it. In cases of general and public interest, a higher standard of protection is needed, especially for persons who exercise representation in elected positions.
Civil and political... Read more
1.2.2
Constitutional Justice - Types of claim - Claim by a private body or individual.
1.2.2.5
Constitutional Justice - Types of claim - Claim by a private body or individual - Trade unions.
3.18
General Principles - General interest.
5.3
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights.
5.3.13
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial.
5.3.13.3
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Access to courts.
5.3.13.18
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Reasoning.
5.3.21
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of expression.
5.3.27
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of association.
5.4
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights.
5.4.3
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to work.
Employment, dismissal, irregular / Employment, dismissal, chilling effect / Respect and guarantee rights without discrimination / Non-discrimination / Employment, labour stability, right / Rights, hierarchy.
There is no unconstitutionality in a norm which precludes appeals in cases where the appeal court has sentenced an accused person to a fine and has overturned a first-instance decision to acquit him or her. It is within the legislator's remit to define a list of irreversible decisions, providing these are not disproportionate or excessive.
Summary
I. The Constitutional Court was asked to... Read more
5.3.13.3
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Access to courts.
Supreme Court, access, rationalisation / Court decision, irreversible.
A norm which suspends payment of an incapacity pension when a public sector worker has fallen victim to a work-place accident or occupational illness and has been partially incapacitated as a result does not run counter to the principle of equality or breach that worker's right to fair reparation.
5.2.1.2.2
Fundamental Rights - Equality - Scope of application - Employment - In public law.
5.4.16
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to a pension.
Employee, work-place injuries, compensation.
A legal norm which made it a serious administrative offence for an employer not to fulfil a duty to notify the Working Conditions Authority, within twenty-four hours, of the occurrence of an accident that reveals the existence of a particularly serious situation failed to meet the standards imposed by a number of constitutional principles, including legality, legal certainty and nulla crimen... Read more
3.14
General Principles -
5.4.17
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to just and decent working conditions.
Accident, industrial, notification.
The fact that a municipality has defined a levy that it has created as a "fee" is not decisive for determining the real legal nature of such a levy, particularly in terms of deciding whether it should be included within the legislative competence of Parliament.
4.8.3
Institutions - Federalism, regionalism and local self-government - Municipalities.
4.10.7.1
Institutions - Public finances - Taxation - Principles.
Municipality, jurisdiction, public utility taxes / Tax, legal basis.
An interpretation of a norm contained in the Code of Criminal Procedure whereby a court upheld a request for the correction of an error it had itself made in its subsequently amended ruling but refused to accord practical consequences to that correction resulted in a breach of the right of access to the law and due process and the right of appeal.
5.3.13.3
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Access to courts.
Court pleadings, errors / Sentence, cumulative / Appeal, right.
Certain norms within the legislation governing medically assisted procreation which bestow complete anonymity on donors of gametes and embryos and which govern the conduct of a mother who has entered into a surrogate gestation agreement are in breach of the rights to dignity and to family life. Uncertainty also surrounds the status of parties to such agreements; restrictions require precise... Read more
3.12
General Principles - Clarity and precision of legal provisions.
5.3.1
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to dignity.
5.3.4.1
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to physical and psychological integrity - Scientific and medical treatment and experiments.
5.3.32.1
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life - Protection of personal data.
5.3.33.1
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to family life - Descent.
5.3.44
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Rights of the child.
Procreation, medical assisted, parties, rights.
The protection of classified information can only take priority over the right to information of the accused and over the right to a fair trial of all the parties in a criminal trial, in circumstances expressly and restrictively provided for by law. Restrictions on the right to information are only permissible if they are based on a genuine and justified purpose of protecting a legitimate... Read more
5.3.13.8
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Right of access to the file.
5.3.13.17
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Rules of evidence.
5.3.13.19
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Equality of arms.
Classified information, access / Criminal proceedings.
Unless evidence which has been obtained unlawfully in the course of criminal proceedings is physically removed from the file when criminal cases are being considered at court level, insufficient protection is afforded of the presumption of innocence and the right to a fair trial.
5.3.13.1.3
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Scope - Criminal proceedings.
5.3.13.15
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Impartiality.
5.3.13.17
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Rules of evidence.
5.3.13.22
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Presumption of innocence.
Evidence / Invalidity / File, removal.
The legislator's option to establish new prosecution structures is in accordance with its constitutional competence to legislate in the field of the organisation of the judicial system. The obligation that independent and impartial judges give reasons for court rulings represents a condition of a fair trial, as referred to both in the Constitution and the Convention for the Protection of Human... Read more
3.19
General Principles - Margin of appreciation.
5.3.13.1.3
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Scope - Criminal proceedings.
5.3.13.15
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Impartiality.
5.3.13.18
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Reasoning.
Prosecution structures, creation.
Merchandise imported into Russia through parallel import channels may be destroyed only if it is of substandard quality or in order to ensure the safety and protect the lives and health of citizens or protect nature and cultural values.
5.1.1.5.1
Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Legal persons - Private law.
5.3.39.3
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to property - Other limitations.
Counterfeits, products / Parallel importation / Exclusive, right.
In doing away with maternity grants, the regional legislature failed to provide any compensation mechanism. Such failure is in violation of the principles of the welfare state and the requirements for fairness and proportionality, and as such incompatible with the Constitution.
5.1.1.4
Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Natural persons.
5.3.39.3
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to property - Other limitations.
Large family / Maternity grant / Family, support, young children.
New legislation is needed to prevent drunk drivers from fleeing the scene of an accident.
5.1.1.4
Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Natural persons.
5.3.13.22
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Presumption of innocence.
Driving offence / Intoxication / Scene of an accident / In hiding / Abscondment.
Parties to enforcement proceedings are protected under the Constitution from the arbitrary application of law by courts. A creditor seeking to enforce a judgment by a foreign court may address the enforcement court directly with the foreign court's documentation, without first having to institute separate proceedings for the recognition of the judgment, providing certain requirements are met.
5.3.13
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial.
Decision, foreign court, recognition.
During the performance of military service, military personnel are excluded from the right to strike; this does not run counter to the Constitution or breach the principle of equality.
5.1.1.4.4
Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Natural persons - Military personnel.
5.2
Fundamental Rights - Equality.
5.4.10
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to strike.
Armed Forces, right to strike.
The Legislature has the responsibility to create mechanisms and rules that will facilitate its oversight obligations in holding the Executive accountable.
1.1.4.2
Constitutional Justice - Constitutional jurisdiction - Relations with other institutions - Legislative bodies.
1.3.5.15
Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - The subject of review - Failure to act or to pass legislation.
3.4
General Principles - Separation of powers.
3.9
General Principles - Rule of law.
3.10
General Principles - Certainty of the law.
4.4.3.1
Institutions - Head of State - Powers - Relations with legislative bodies.
4.4.6.1.2
Institutions - Head of State - Status - Liability - Political responsibility.
4.5.2.2
Institutions - Legislative bodies - Powers - Powers of enquiry.
4.5.4.1
Institutions - Legislative bodies - Organisation - Rules of procedure.
Administration, public finances / Administrative act, judicial review / Administrative act, validity / Overreach, judicial / Executive power, accountability / President, impeachment, initiation, obligation.
Reasonableness within the context of the educational language provision of the Constitution, Section 29.2 of the Constitution, requires taking into account equity, practicability and the critical need to undo the damage caused by racial discrimination.
The ministerial policy framework requires that a constitutionally conformant institutional policy be formulated.
3.20
General Principles - Reasonableness.
4.3.2
Institutions - Languages - National language(s).
5.2.2.10
Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Language.
5.4.2
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to education.
Education, higher, institution / Education, language, discrimination / Education, university, language / Leave to appeal, hearing / Discrimination, racial, language / Policy decision, executive / Policy decision, administrative.
South African courts have jurisdiction to try terrorist acts committed abroad under the Protection of Constitutional Democracy against Terrorist and Related Activities Act (hereinafter, the "Act"), beyond the financing of terrorism.
A statutory exemption for acts committed in furtherance of a legitimate right to national liberation requires compliance with international humanitarian law and... Read more
2.1.1.4.19
Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments - International conventions regulating diplomatic and consular relations.
4.7.1.2
Institutions - Judicial bodies - Jurisdiction - Universal jurisdiction.
5.3.13.1.3
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Scope - Criminal proceedings.
Extra territorial jurisdiction / Terrorist act, extra territorial jurisdiction / Foreigner, criminal trial, consular access.
The Refugees Act empowers and enjoins the Refugee Reception Officer to extend asylum seeker permits until finalisation of judicial review.
2.1.1.4.5
Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments - Geneva Convention on the Status of Refugees of 1951.
2.2.1.2
Sources - Hierarchy - Hierarchy as between national and non-national sources - Treaties and legislative acts.
2.3.2
Sources - Techniques of review - Concept of constitutionality dependent on a specified interpretation.
5.1.1.3.1
Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Foreigners - Refugees and applicants for refugee status.
5.3.2
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to life.
5.3.11
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right of asylum.
5.3.12
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Security of the person.
Asylum, application / Administrative review, rejection of asylum application / Asylum, seeker, permit, temporary, extension / Non-refoulement, principle.
Denying access to appropriate healthcare to an aged person suffering mental disability constitutes multiple forms of discrimination.
1.3.4.1
Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Types of litigation - Litigation in respect of fundamental rights and freedoms.
2.1.1.4
Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments.
2.1.3.2.1
Sources - Categories - Case-law - International case-law - European Court of Human Rights.
2.1.3.2.2
Sources - Categories - Case-law - International case-law - Court of Justice of the European Union.
2.2.2
Sources - Hierarchy - Hierarchy as between national sources.
2.3.11
Sources - Techniques of review -
5.2.2.7
Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Age.
5.2.2.8
Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Physical or mental disability.
Act, application, specific / Disability, discrimination / Disabled person, benefit, right / Disabled person, social assistance, entitlement, conditions / Health care / Health, public, care system / Interpretation in accordance with the Constitution / Law, application, incorrect, equality, right.
Imposing an administrative sanction on a civil servant who, when supporting a labour strike had not infringed his professional duties may generate a chilling effect on the exercise of the fundamental right to free speech.
3.13
General Principles - Legality.
4.6.9
Institutions - Executive bodies - The civil service.
Chilling effect / Civil servant, function, suspension / Fundamental rights, deterring or discouraging their exercise / Neutrality, civil servants / Offence, administrative / Public resources, misuse, civil servants / Sanction fixed by law before the act / Sanction, administrative.
A refusal to inform a detainee or his lawyer about the reasons for his arrest violates the right to personal freedom.
2.1.1.3
Sources - Categories - Written rules - Law of the European Union/EU Law.
2.1.1.4.4
Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments - European Convention on Human Rights of 1950.
2.1.3.2.1
Sources - Categories - Case-law - International case-law - European Court of Human Rights.
5.3.5.1.1
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty - Deprivation of liberty - Arrest.
5.3.13.3.2
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Access to courts -
5.3.13.8
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Right of access to the file.
5.3.13.24
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Right to be informed about the reasons of detention.
5.3.13.27
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Right to counsel.
Arrest, legal grounds / Right to personal freedom, violation.
A decision not to seek a preliminary ruling before the Court of Justice of the European Union, without setting out its reasoning, violates the right to an effective judicial protection.
1.3.5.12
Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - The subject of review - Court decisions.
1.4.10.7
Constitutional Justice - Procedure - Interlocutory proceedings - Request for a preliminary ruling by the Court of Justice of the EU.
2.1.3.2.2
Sources - Categories - Case-law - International case-law - Court of Justice of the European Union.
5.3.13.18
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Reasoning.
Preliminary question, obligation to request preliminary ruling / Community law, directive / Employee, unequal treatment / Employee, temporary / Judicial protection, effective, right / Constitutional review, amparo appeals.
Terminating a criminal process does not infringe the right to an effective remedy, guaranteed under the Article 24.1 of the Constitution if the Court's reasons for so doing are set out in such sufficient detail as is required where fundamental rights are engaged.
5.3.13.1.3
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Scope - Criminal proceedings.
5.3.13.2
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Effective remedy.
5.3.13.18
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Reasoning.
5.3.32
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life.
5.3.36.3
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Inviolability of communications - Electronic communications.
Criminal investigation, rejection of complaint / Criminal process, effective judicial remedy.
The failure of a regional Parliament's Bureau to comply with the Constitutional Court's rulings was a violation of the legal system, which has a direct impact on the rights of that Chamber's members to exercise their representative function.
2.1.1.1.1
Sources - Categories - Written rules - National rules - Constitution.
2.2.2.2
Sources - Hierarchy - Hierarchy as between national sources - The Constitution and other sources of domestic law.
3.8
General Principles - Territorial principles.
3.8.1
General Principles - Territorial principles - Indivisibility of the territory.
4.1
Institutions - Constituent assembly or equivalent body.
4.8.2
Institutions - Federalism, regionalism and local self-government - Regions and provinces.
5.3.29
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to participate in public affairs.
5.3.29.1
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to participate in public affairs - Right to participate in political activity.
Act, provision, unconstitutional / Act, suspension / Autonomy, secession, unilateral / Constitutional Court, decision, binding force / Independence, territory / Nation, integrity / Parliament, member, question, speech, motion / Parliament, member, protection.
In a case concerning care under the Act on the care of young persons (1990:52), evidence presented was deemed insufficient to establish that a child had been subject to physical abuse or lack of parental care.
5.3.33
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to family life.
Right to family life, child, abuse.
Article 27 (economic freedom), Article 36 (restrictions on fundamental rights) and Article 94 (principles of the economic system) of the Federal Constitution; Federal Act on Supplementary Benefits to Old Age, Survivors' and Invalidity Insurance; Article 34a of the Constitution of the Republic and Canton of Neuchâtel (minimum wage); abstract review of the Act Amending the Neuchâtel Canton Act on... Read more
1.3.2.2
Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Type of review - Abstract / concrete review.
1.3.5.3
Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - The subject of review - Constitution.
1.3.5.8
Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - The subject of review - Rules issued by federal or regional entities.
3.13
General Principles - Legality.
3.16
General Principles - Proportionality.
3.18
General Principles - General interest.
5.4.6
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Commercial and industrial freedom.
Social assistance / Labour law / Economic policy / Policy, social / Minimum wage / Poverty line.
A local referendum may only be called on issues that fall within the competence of local government. The decision-making power concerning the exploitation of mineral resources did not fall within scope of local government authority; it was a central government responsibility. As such a local referendum could not be held concerning the exercise of such powers.
3.3.2
General Principles - Democracy - Direct democracy.
4.8.3
Institutions - Federalism, regionalism and local self-government - Municipalities.
4.8.8.2.1
Institutions - Federalism, regionalism and local self-government - Distribution of powers - Implementation - Distribution
4.9.2
Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Referenda and other instruments of direct democracy.
Referendum, local / Natural resources, exploitation.
The administration may be vested with the power to block ex officio access to websites solely dedicated to committing or promoting crimes such as child pornography. In contrast, where the websites or applications are primarily used or intended for mass communication but contain criminal content, judicial approval is required for blocking access to such websites.
3.10
General Principles - Certainty of the law.
3.12
General Principles - Clarity and precision of legal provisions.
5.3.21
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of expression.
5.3.23
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Rights in respect of the audiovisual media and other means of mass communication.
Internet, social media, blocking access / Restriction of mass communication, lack of judicial approval, legal certainty.
The State must take the necessary measures to prevent psychotic prisoners from harming themselves, and in cases where such prisoners harm themselves, an effective investigation must be carried out to determine those responsible for the failure to take the required measures.
5.3.2
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to life.
Suicide, prisoner / Obligations, State, prisoners / Right to life, substantive aspect, procedural aspect / Suicide, prison, investigation.
When a superior court finds a violation of individual liberty due to insufficient evidence for the detention of a person, the inferior court must release the person unless there is new evidence justifying the detention.
5.3.5.1.3
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty - Deprivation of liberty - Detention pending trial.
5.3.13.2
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Effective remedy.
Redress of violation / Unlawful detention, continuation.
The request sought to establish the unconstitutionality of the provision of Article 164.2.19.1 of the Tax Code, which provides that the average monthly (annual) taxable income of the taxpayer includes the amount of pensions (including the amount of their indexation, accrued in accordance with the law) or monthly life-time monetary allowance received by the taxpayer from the Pension Fund or the... Read more
5.3.42
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Rights in respect of taxation.
5.4.16
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to a pension.
Pension, insurance / Taxation, pensions / Monthly, monetary, allowance / Subsistence, minimum, persons, excess.
The Constitutional Court held that the Law "On the Principles of State Language Policy" no. 5029-VI dated 3 July 2012 (as amended) was unconstitutional. As a consequence, that Law ceases to have effect as from the date the court's decision was adopted.
1.3.4.9
Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Types of litigation - Litigation in respect of the formal validity of enactments.
4.3.4
Institutions - Languages - Minority language(s).
Language, regional / Personal, voting / Discrimination, procedure, adoption.
The Court held that Article 216.6 of the Criminal Procedure Code, according to which "investigating bodies of the State Criminal Executive Service shall carry out pre-trial investigations of crimes committed on the territory or in the premises of the State Criminal Executive Service" was unconstitutional. It shall cease to be effective three months after the date of the adoption of this Decision... Read more
5.3.1
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to dignity.
5.3.3
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Prohibition of torture and inhuman and degrading treatment.
Pre-trial, investigation, crime / Premises, State penal-executive service, service / Violation, respect, dignity / Independence, state authority, implementation, pre-trial investigation / Improper, treatment, institution, execution, punishment, investigative isolation.
To recognise the Law on All-Ukrainian Referendum, no. 5475-VI, dated 6 November 2012, (as amended) is not in conformity with the Constitution and is thus unconstitutional.
The Law on All-Ukrainian Referendum, no. 5475-VI, dated 6 November 2012, (as amended) was declared unconstitutional. As such it is ineffective from the date this Decision by the Constitutional Court was adopted.
1.3.4.9
Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Types of litigation - Litigation in respect of the formal validity of enactments.
4.9.2
Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Referenda and other instruments of direct democracy.
All-Ukrainian, referendum / Violation, constitutional, requirement, personal, voting, people's, deputy / Introduction, amendments, people's, initiative.
1.1.4.2 Constitutional Justice - Constitutional jurisdiction - Relations with other institutions - Legislative bodies. RSA-2018-1-001 1.2.2 Constitutional Justice - Types of claim - Claim by a private body or individual. IAC-2018-1-001 1.2.2.3 Constitutional Justice - Types of claim - Claim by a private body or individual - Profit-making corporate body. KOS-2018-1-001 1.2.2.4 Constitutional Justice - Types of claim - Claim by a private body or individual - Political parties. GER-2018-1-005 1.2.2.5 Constitutional Justice - Types of claim - Claim by a private body or individual - Trade unions. IAC-2018-1-001 1.3.2.2 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Type of review - Abstract / concrete review. SUI-2018-1-001 1.3.4.1 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Types of litigation - Litigation in respect of fundamental rights and freedoms. ESP-2018-1-001 1.3.4.3 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Types of litigation - Distribution of powers between central government and federal or regional entities. ITA-2018-1-005 1.3.4.9 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Types of litigation - Litigation in respect of the formal validity of enactments. UKR-2018-1-002, UKR-2018-1-004 1.3.5.3 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - The subject of review - Constitution. SUI-2018-1-001 1.3.5.8 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - The subject of review - Rules issued by federal or regional entities. SUI-2018-1-001 1.3.5.12 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - The subject of review - Court decisions. ESP-2018-1-004 1.3.5.14 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - The subject of review - Government acts. LTU-2018-1-002 1.3.5.15 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - The subject of review - Failure to act or to pass legislation. BLR-2018-1-002, RSA-2018-1-001 1.4.3 Constitutional Justice - Procedure - Time-limits for instituting proceedings. ARG-2018-1-001, ECH-2018-1-006 1.4.6 Constitutional Justice - Procedure - Grounds. ECH-2018-1-006 1.4.10.6.1 Constitutional Justice - Procedure - Interlocutory proceedings - Challenging of a judge - Automatic disqualification. GER-2018-1-004 1.4.10.6.2 Constitutional Justice - Procedure - Interlocutory proceedings - Challenging of a judge - Challenge at the instance of a party. GER-2018-1-004 1.4.10.7 Constitutional Justice - Procedure - Interlocutory proceedings - Request for a preliminary ruling by the Court of Justice of the EU. ESP-2018-1-004 1.4.11 Constitutional Justice - Procedure - Hearing. BEL-2018-1-002 1.4.11.3 Constitutional Justice - Procedure - Hearing - In public / in camera. BEL-2018-1-002 1.4.13 Constitutional Justice - Procedure - Re-opening of hearing. ECH-2018-1-007 1.6.6 Constitutional Justice - Effects - Execution. ECH-2018-1-005 1.6.7 Constitutional Justice - Effects - Influence on State organs. ECH-2018-1-005 1.6.9.1 Constitutional Justice - Effects - Consequences for other cases - Ongoing cases. ECH-2018-1-005 2.1.1.1.1 Sources - Categories - Written rules - National rules - Constitution. BEL-2018-1-003, ESP-2018-1-006, NOR-2018-1-001 2.1.1.3 Sources - Categories - Written rules - Law of the European Union/EU Law. ESP-2018-1-003 2.1.1.4 Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments. ESP-2018-1-001 2.1.1.4.4 Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments - European Convention on Human Rights of 1950. BEL-2018-1-003, ESP-2018-1-003, GER-2018-1-002, ITA-2018-1-008 2.1.1.4.5 Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments - Geneva Convention on the Status of Refugees of 1951. RSA-2018-1-004 2.1.1.4.8 Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments - International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 1966. NOR-2018-1-001 2.1.1.4.9 Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments - International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1966. NOR-2018-1-001 2.1.1.4.19 Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments - International conventions regulating diplomatic and consular relations. RSA-2018-1-003 2.1.3.1 Sources - Categories - Case-law - Domestic case-law. KOS-2018-1-001 2.1.3.2.1 Sources - Categories - Case-law - International case-law - European Court of Human Rights. ESP-2018-1-001, ESP-2018-1-003, GER-2018-1-002, KOS-2018-1-001 2.1.3.2.2 Sources - Categories - Case-law - International case-law - Court of Justice of the European Union. ESP-2018-1-001, ESP-2018-1-004 2.2.1.2 Sources - Hierarchy - Hierarchy as between national and non-national sources - Treaties and legislative acts. RSA-2018-1-004 2.2.1.6.1 Sources - Hierarchy - Hierarchy as between national and non-national sources - Law of the European Union/EU Law and domestic law - EU primary law and constitutions. ITA-2018-1-003 2.2.2 Sources - Hierarchy - Hierarchy as between national sources. ESP-2018-1-001 2.2.2.1 Sources - Hierarchy - Hierarchy as between national sources - Hierarchy emerging from the Constitution. ITA-2018-1-001 2.2.2.2 Sources - Hierarchy - Hierarchy as between national sources - The Constitution and other sources of domestic law. ESP-2018-1-006 2.3.2 Sources - Techniques of review - Concept of constitutionality dependent on a specified interpretation. GER-2018-1-007, GER-2018-1-008, RSA-2018-1-004 2.3.11 Sources - Techniques of review - ARG-2018-1-001, ESP-2018-1-001 3.3 General Principles - Democracy. ISR-2018-1-001, LAT-2018-1-003 3.3.2 General Principles - Democracy - Direct democracy. MKD-2018-1-001 3.3.3 General Principles - Democracy - Pluralist democracy. ECH-2018-1-005, LAT-2018-1-006 3.4 General Principles - Separation of powers. EST-2018-1-001, GER-2018-1-004, GER-2018-1-008, RSA-2018-1-001 3.5 General Principles - Social State. CRO-2018-1-003, CZE-2018-1-001, ITA-2018-1-006, LAT-2018-1-003 3.8 General Principles - Territorial principles. ESP-2018-1-006 3.8.1 General Principles - Territorial principles - Indivisibility of the territory. ESP-2018-1-006 3.9 General Principles - Rule of law. BLR-2018-1-001, CRO-2018-1-002, CRO-2018-1-003, CRO-2018-1-004, ECH-2018-1-005, GER-2018-1-004, GER-2018-1-008, ISR-2018-1-001, LAT-2018-1-003, LAT-2018-1-006, LTU-2018-1-002, MNE-2018-1-001, RSA-2018-1-001 3.10 General Principles - Certainty of the law. AZE-2018-1-002, BLR-2018-1-001, CRO-2018-1-002, CRO-2018-1-003, ECH-2018-1-005, ECH-2018-1-006, KOS-2018-1-001, LAT-2018-1-003, MNE-2018-1-001, RSA-2018-1-001, TUR-2018-1-001 3.11 General Principles - Vested and/or acquired rights. CRO-2018-1-003 3.12 General Principles - Clarity and precision of legal provisions. BLR-2018-1-001, BLR-2018-1-002, CZE-2018-1-003, EST-2018-1-001, KOR-2018-1-002, KOR-2018-1-003, LAT-2018-1-005, MNE-2018-1-001, POR-2018-1-006, TUR-2018-1-001 3.13 General Principles - Legality. CRO-2018-1-004, ESP-2018-1-002, ISR-2018-1-001, ISR-2018-1-002, ITA-2018-1-003, MNE-2018-1-001, SUI-2018-1-001 3.14 General Principles - BEL-2018-1-001, KOR-2018-1-003, POR-2018-1-003 3.16 General Principles - Proportionality. ALG-2018-1-002, CZE-2018-1-002, CZE-2018-1-003, ECH-2018-1-003, ECH-2018-1-004, ECH-2018-1-005, ECJ-2018-1-005, GER-2018-1-007, ITA-2018-1-002, KOR-2018-1-002, LAT-2018-1-004, LAT-2018-1-006, SUI-2018-1-001 3.17 General Principles - Weighing of interests. GER-2018-1-003, GER-2018-1-007, GER-2018-1-011, ITA-2018-1-002 3.18 General Principles - General interest. ECH-2018-1-001, GER-2018-1-007, IAC-2018-1-001, ITA-2018-1-002, LTU-2018-1-002, SUI-2018-1-001 3.19 General Principles - Margin of appreciation. ECH-2018-1-004, GER-2018-1-006, LAT-2018-1-003, LAT-2018-1-004, ROM-2018-1-003 3.20 General Principles - Reasonableness. CZE-2018-1-003, ISR-2018-1-002, ITA-2018-1-002, ITA-2018-1-006, RSA-2018-1-002 3.21 General Principles - Equality. BLR-2018-1-002 3.22 General Principles - Prohibition of arbitrariness. CZE-2018-1-003, GER-2018-1-011, KOR-2018-1-001, MNE-2018-1-001 3.24 General Principles - Loyalty to the State. LAT-2018-1-005, LAT-2018-1-006 4.1 Institutions - Constituent assembly or equivalent body. ESP-2018-1-006 4.3.2 Institutions - Languages - National language(s). RSA-2018-1-002 4.3.4 Institutions - Languages - Minority language(s). UKR-2018-1-002 4.4.3.1 Institutions - Head of State - Powers - Relations with legislative bodies. RSA-2018-1-001 4.4.3.3 Institutions - Head of State - Powers - Relations with judicial bodies. ITA-2018-1-001 4.4.6.1.2 Institutions - Head of State - Status - Liability - Political responsibility. RSA-2018-1-001 4.5.2.2 Institutions - Legislative bodies - Powers - Powers of enquiry. RSA-2018-1-001 4.5.3 Institutions - Legislative bodies - Composition. ALG-2018-1-002 4.5.3.1 Institutions - Legislative bodies - Composition - Election of members. LAT-2018-1-006 4.5.4 Institutions - Legislative bodies - Organisation. ALG-2018-1-001 4.5.4.1 Institutions - Legislative bodies - Organisation - Rules of procedure. RSA-2018-1-001 4.5.8 Institutions - Legislative bodies - Relations with judicial bodies. ITA-2018-1-001, ITA-2018-1-008 4.5.10 Institutions - Legislative bodies - Political parties. GER-2018-1-005 4.5.10.3 Institutions - Legislative bodies - Political parties - Role. GER-2018-1-005 4.5.11 Institutions - Legislative bodies - Status of members of legislative bodies. ALG-2018-1-001 4.6.2 Institutions - Executive bodies - Powers. ITA-2018-1-005 4.6.9 Institutions - Executive bodies - The civil service. ESP-2018-1-002 4.6.9.1 Institutions - Executive bodies - The civil service - Conditions of access. CRO-2018-1-004 4.6.9.2 Institutions - Executive bodies - The civil service - Reasons for exclusion. LAT-2018-1-004, LAT-2018-1-005 4.6.10.1 Institutions - Executive bodies - Liability - Legal liability. BRA-2018-1-001 4.6.10.1.2 Institutions - Executive bodies - Liability - Legal liability - Civil liability. LTU-2018-1-001 4.6.10.1.3 Institutions - Executive bodies - Liability - Legal liability - Criminal liability. LAT-2018-1-004 4.7.1.2 Institutions - Judicial bodies - Jurisdiction - Universal jurisdiction. ECH-2018-1-004, RSA-2018-1-003 4.7.1.3 Institutions - Judicial bodies - Jurisdiction - Conflicts of jurisdiction. ITA-2018-1-001 4.7.4 Institutions - Judicial bodies - Organisation. GER-2018-1-008 4.7.4.1 Institutions - Judicial bodies - Organisation - Members. ECJ-2018-1-003 4.7.4.1.2 Institutions - Judicial bodies - Organisation - Members - Appointment. GER-2018-1-008 4.7.4.1.4 Institutions - Judicial bodies - Organisation - Members - Term of office. GER-2018-1-008 4.7.4.1.6.3 Institutions - Judicial bodies - Organisation - Members - Status - Irremovability. GER-2018-1-008 4.7.4.6 Institutions - Judicial bodies - Organisation - Budget. ECJ-2018-1-003 4.7.9 Institutions - Judicial bodies - Administrative courts. CZE-2018-1-001, GER-2018-1-008 4.7.12 Institutions - Judicial bodies - Special courts. ITA-2018-1-001 4.7.15.1.3 Institutions - Judicial bodies - Legal assistance and representation of parties - The Bar - Role of members of the Bar. BEL-2018-1-003 4.8.2 Institutions - Federalism, regionalism and local self-government - Regions and provinces. ESP-2018-1-006 4.8.3 Institutions - Federalism, regionalism and local self-government - Municipalities. MKD-2018-1-001, POR-2018-1-004 4.8.6.2 Institutions - Federalism, regionalism and local self-government - Institutional aspects - Executive. CRO-2018-1-002 4.8.8 Institutions - Federalism, regionalism and local self-government - Distribution of powers. CRO-2018-1-002 4.8.8.2.1 Institutions - Federalism, regionalism and local self-government - Distribution of powers - Implementation - Distribution MKD-2018-1-001 4.8.8.2.2 Institutions - Federalism, regionalism and local self-government - Distribution of powers - Implementation - Distribution ECH-2018-1-004 4.9.2 Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Referenda and other instruments of direct democracy. MKD-2018-1-001, UKR-2018-1-004 4.9.7.2 Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Preliminary procedures - Registration of parties and candidates. LAT-2018-1-006 4.10.1 Institutions - Public finances - Principles. GER-2018-1-006, LAT-2018-1-003 4.10.2 Institutions - Public finances - Budget. ITA-2018-1-002, LAT-2018-1-003 4.10.7 Institutions - Public finances - Taxation. AZE-2018-1-001, LAT-2018-1-002 4.10.7.1 Institutions - Public finances - Taxation - Principles. GER-2018-1-006, ITA-2018-1-003, LAT-2018-1-003, POR-2018-1-004 4.11.2 Institutions - Armed forces, police forces and secret services - Police forces. ISR-2018-1-002 4.18 Institutions - State of emergency and emergency powers. ECH-2018-1-005, FRA-2018-1-001 5.1.1.1 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Nationals. BEL-2018-1-002 5.1.1.3 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Foreigners. ITA-2018-1-004 5.1.1.3.1 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Foreigners - Refugees and applicants for refugee status. RSA-2018-1-004 5.1.1.4 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Natural persons. RUS-2018-1-002, RUS-2018-1-003 5.1.1.4.1 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Natural persons - Minors. ARG-2018-1-001, ECH-2018-1-002, ECJ-2018-1-002, ITA-2018-1-007 5.1.1.4.2 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Natural persons - Incapacitated. ARG-2018-1-001, ITA-2018-1-004 5.1.1.4.4 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Natural persons - Military personnel. SLO-2018-1-001 5.1.1.5.1 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Legal persons - Private law. GER-2018-1-007, RUS-2018-1-001 5.1.2 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Horizontal effects. GER-2018-1-011 5.1.3 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Positive obligation of the state. CZE-2018-1-001, ECH-2018-1-002, LAT-2018-1-003 5.1.4 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Limits and restrictions. GER-2018-1-001 5.2 Fundamental Rights - Equality. AUT-2018-1-001, BEL-2018-1-002, SLO-2018-1-001 5.2.1 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Scope of application. GER-2018-1-011, LAT-2018-1-003 5.2.1.1 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Scope of application - Public burdens. GER-2018-1-006, GER-2018-1-009, GER-2018-1-010, LAT-2018-1-002 5.2.1.2 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Scope of application - Employment. ECJ-2018-1-001, ECJ-2018-1-004 5.2.1.2.2 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Scope of application - Employment - In public law. POR-2018-1-002 5.2.2 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction. KOR-2018-1-001 5.2.2.4 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Citizenship or nationality. BEL-2018-1-002, FRA-2018-1-002 5.2.2.7 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Age. ECJ-2018-1-004, ESP-2018-1-001 5.2.2.8 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Physical or mental disability. CZE-2018-1-001, ECJ-2018-1-001, ESP-2018-1-001, ITA-2018-1-004 5.2.2.10 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Language. RSA-2018-1-002 5.2.2.11 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Sexual orientation. BRA-2018-1-003 5.2.2.12 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Civil status. BRA-2018-1-003, ITA-2018-1-007 5.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights. IAC-2018-1-001 5.3.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to dignity. BRA-2018-1-001, CZE-2018-1-001, FIN-2018-1-002, GER-2018-1-002, ISR-2018-1-001, POR-2018-1-006, UKR-2018-1-003 5.3.2 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to life. GER-2018-1-002, RSA-2018-1-004, TUR-2018-1-002 5.3.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Prohibition of torture and inhuman and degrading treatment. BRA-2018-1-001, ECH-2018-1-004, ECH-2018-1-007, GER-2018-1-002, UKR-2018-1-003 5.3.4 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to physical and psychological integrity. BRA-2018-1-001, GER-2018-1-002, ITA-2018-1-005 5.3.4.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to physical and psychological integrity - Scientific and medical treatment and experiments. POR-2018-1-006 5.3.5 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty. BEL-2018-1-001 5.3.5.1.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty - Deprivation of liberty - Arrest. ECJ-2018-1-002, ESP-2018-1-003 5.3.5.1.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty - Deprivation of liberty - Detention pending trial. ECH-2018-1-005, TUR-2018-1-003 5.3.5.2 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty - Prohibition of forced or compulsory labour. BEL-2018-1-003 5.3.6 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of movement. BEL-2018-1-001, FRA-2018-1-001, FRA-2018-1-003, FRA-2018-1-008 5.3.8 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to citizenship or nationality. BEL-2018-1-002, ITA-2018-1-004 5.3.9 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right of residence. FRA-2018-1-003, ISR-2018-1-001 5.3.11 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right of asylum. FIN-2018-1-002, FRA-2018-1-006, RSA-2018-1-004 5.3.12 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Security of the person. RSA-2018-1-004 5.3.13 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial. AZE-2018-1-002, BIH-2018-1-001, IAC-2018-1-001, SRB-2018-1-001 5.3.13.1.2 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Scope - Civil proceedings. BLR-2018-1-002, ECH-2018-1-004, KOS-2018-1-001 5.3.13.1.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Scope - Criminal proceedings. ECJ-2018-1-002, ESP-2018-1-005, ROM-2018-1-002, ROM-2018-1-003, RSA-2018-1-003 5.3.13.2 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Effective remedy. BLR-2018-1-001, BLR-2018-1-002, CZE-2018-1-001, ESP-2018-1-005, FRA-2018-1-003, FRA-2018-1-007, FRA-2018-1-008, GER-2018-1-002, GER-2018-1-008, TUR-2018-1-003 5.3.13.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Access to courts. ARG-2018-1-001, ARM-2018-1-001, AZE-2018-1-002, CZE-2018-1-001, ECH-2018-1-004, IAC-2018-1-001, ITA-2018-1-001, POR-2018-1-001, POR-2018-1-005 5.3.13.3.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Access to courts - “Natural judge”/Tribunal established by law. GER-2018-1-008 5.3.13.3.2 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Access to courts - ESP-2018-1-003 5.3.13.4 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Double degree of jurisdiction. AZE-2018-1-002, ITA-2018-1-003 5.3.13.8 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Right of access to the file. ESP-2018-1-003, ROM-2018-1-001 5.3.13.14 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Independence. ECJ-2018-1-003, GER-2018-1-004, GER-2018-1-008, ITA-2018-1-001 5.3.13.15 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Impartiality. GER-2018-1-004, GER-2018-1-008, ITA-2018-1-001, ROM-2018-1-002, ROM-2018-1-003 5.3.13.17 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Rules of evidence. FIN-2018-1-002, ROM-2018-1-001, ROM-2018-1-002 5.3.13.18 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Reasoning. ESP-2018-1-004, ESP-2018-1-005, FRA-2018-1-005, IAC-2018-1-001, ROM-2018-1-003 5.3.13.19 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Equality of arms. ROM-2018-1-001 5.3.13.22 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Presumption of innocence. FRA-2018-1-004, LAT-2018-1-002, ROM-2018-1-002, RUS-2018-1-003 5.3.13.24 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Right to be informed about the reasons of detention. ESP-2018-1-003 5.3.13.27 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Right to counsel. ARM-2018-1-001, ESP-2018-1-003 5.3.14 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - AUT-2018-1-002, BEL-2018-1-002, ECJ-2018-1-005 5.3.18 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of conscience. FRA-2018-1-008 5.3.19 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of opinion. GER-2018-1-003, LAT-2018-1-005 5.3.20 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of worship. FRA-2018-1-008 5.3.21 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of expression. CRC-2018-1-001, CZE-2018-1-002, FRA-2018-1-004, GER-2018-1-003, IAC-2018-1-001, ISR-2018-1-002, KOR-2018-1-002, LAT-2018-1-005, TUR-2018-1-001 5.3.22 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of the written press. KOR-2018-1-002 5.3.23 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Rights in respect of the audiovisual media and other means of mass communication. CRC-2018-1-001, CZE-2018-1-002, FRA-2018-1-004, KOR-2018-1-002, TUR-2018-1-001 5.3.25 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to administrative transparency. LTU-2018-1-001 5.3.27 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of association. IAC-2018-1-001 5.3.28 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of assembly. ISR-2018-1-002 5.3.29 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to participate in public affairs. ESP-2018-1-006 5.3.29.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to participate in public affairs - Right to participate in political activity. ESP-2018-1-006, LAT-2018-1-006 5.3.31 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to respect for one's honour and reputation. GER-2018-1-003 5.3.32 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life. BEL-2018-1-003, CZE-2018-1-003, ECH-2018-1-001, ECH-2018-1-002, ECH-2018-1-003, ESP-2018-1-005, EST-2018-1-001, FIN-2018-1-001, FIN-2018-1-002, FRA-2018-1-001, FRA-2018-1-003, LAT-2018-1-004 5.3.32.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life - Protection of personal data. FRA-2018-1-008, LAT-2018-1-001, POR-2018-1-006 5.3.33 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to family life. BEL-2018-1-002, BEL-2018-1-003, ECH-2018-1-001, ECH-2018-1-002, EST-2018-1-001, FIN-2018-1-001, FRA-2018-1-001, FRA-2018-1-003, FRA-2018-1-008, ISR-2018-1-001, SWE-2018-1-001 5.3.33.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to family life - Descent. POR-2018-1-006 5.3.35 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Inviolability of the home. ECH-2018-1-001 5.3.36.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Inviolability of communications - Electronic communications. ESP-2018-1-005 5.3.37 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right of petition. CRC-2018-1-001 5.3.39 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to property. AZE-2018-1-001, BEL-2018-1-003, BLR-2018-1-001, CRO-2018-1-001, FRA-2018-1-001, FRA-2018-1-008, GER-2018-1-006 5.3.39.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to property - Other limitations. CZE-2018-1-003, GER-2018-1-011, LAT-2018-1-002, RUS-2018-1-001, RUS-2018-1-002 5.3.41 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Electoral rights. FRA-2018-1-007 5.3.41.2 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Electoral rights - Right to stand for election. ALG-2018-1-002, LAT-2018-1-006 5.3.42 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Rights in respect of taxation. BRA-2018-1-002, GER-2018-1-009, GER-2018-1-010, UKR-2018-1-001 5.3.44 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Rights of the child. ITA-2018-1-005, ITA-2018-1-007, POR-2018-1-006 5.3.45 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Protection of minorities and persons belonging to minorities. BRA-2018-1-003, NOR-2018-1-001 5.4 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights. IAC-2018-1-001 5.4.1 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Freedom to teach. LAT-2018-1-004, LAT-2018-1-005 5.4.2 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to education. ITA-2018-1-005, LAT-2018-1-004, RSA-2018-1-002 5.4.3 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to work. IAC-2018-1-001, LAT-2018-1-005 5.4.4 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Freedom to choose one's profession. BEL-2018-1-003, LAT-2018-1-004, LAT-2018-1-005 5.4.6 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Commercial and industrial freedom. BEL-2018-1-003, CZE-2018-1-003, FRA-2018-1-001, GER-2018-1-007, SUI-2018-1-001 5.4.7 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Consumer protection. CZE-2018-1-003, GER-2018-1-007 5.4.8 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Freedom of contract. GER-2018-1-011 5.4.9 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right of access to the public service. CZE-2018-1-001 5.4.10 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to strike. SLO-2018-1-001 5.4.11 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Freedom of trade unions. FRA-2018-1-007 5.4.12 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to intellectual property. GER-2018-1-001 5.4.14 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to social security. ARG-2018-1-001, CRO-2018-1-003, CZE-2018-1-001 5.4.16 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to a pension. CRO-2018-1-003, ITA-2018-1-002, ITA-2018-1-008, POR-2018-1-002, UKR-2018-1-001 5.4.17 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to just and decent working conditions. POR-2018-1-003 5.4.18 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to a sufficient standard of living. AUT-2018-1-001, CZE-2018-1-001, ITA-2018-1-002 5.4.19 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to health. ARG-2018-1-001, BRA-2018-1-002, CZE-2018-1-001, CZE-2018-1-003, ECH-2018-1-001, ITA-2018-1-005, ITA-2018-1-006 5.4.22 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Artistic freedom. GER-2018-1-001
Abscondment
RUS-2018-1-003 Access to courts, meaning
CZE-2018-1-001 Accident, industrial, insurance
KOR-2018-1-001 Accident, industrial, notification
POR-2018-1-003 Act, application, specific
ESP-2018-1-001 Act, provision, unconstitutional
ESP-2018-1-006 Act, suspension
ESP-2018-1-006 Administration, public finances
RSA-2018-1-001 Administrative act, finality
CRO-2018-1-003 Administrative act, judicial review
RSA-2018-1-001 Administrative act, validity
RSA-2018-1-001 Administrative detention
FRA-2018-1-006 Administrative review, rejection of asylum application
RSA-2018-1-004 Administrative sanction, followed by criminal proceedings
ECJ-2018-1-005 Alcohol, sale
CZE-2018-1-003 Alcoholism, preventive measures
CZE-2018-1-003 Algeria, war, right to a pension
FRA-2018-1-002 Alien case
FIN-2018-1-002 All-Ukrainian, referendum
UKR-2018-1-004 Amparo action
ARG-2018-1-001 Appeal, filing, procedural safeguards
BIH-2018-1-001 Appeal, right
POR-2018-1-005 Appeal, time-limit
BIH-2018-1-001 Armed Forces, right to strike
SLO-2018-1-001 Arrest, legal grounds
ESP-2018-1-003 Assessment of personal credibility
FIN-2018-1-002 Assize Court, judgment, reasons
FRA-2018-1-005 Asylum
FIN-2018-1-002 Asylum proceedings, legal protection
GER-2018-1-008 Asylum, application
RSA-2018-1-004 Asylum, seeker, permit, temporary, extension
RSA-2018-1-004 Autonomy, restricted
CZE-2018-1-003 Autonomy, secession, unilateral
ESP-2018-1-006 Bankruptcy judge
MNE-2018-1-001 Bankruptcy, administrative receiver
MNE-2018-1-001 Book, digital, exploitation
BRA-2018-1-002 Budget, abuse of power by executive body, protection by statutory provision
CRO-2018-1-002 Budget, local self-government
CRO-2018-1-002 Business activity
CZE-2018-1-003 Central Electoral Commission
LAT-2018-1-006 Child, biological, recognition, challenge
ITA-2018-1-007 Child, parents, detention, police, obligation to care
ECH-2018-1-002 Chilling effect
ESP-2018-1-002 Citizenship, acquisition
BEL-2018-1-002 Citizenship, foreign national
ITA-2018-1-004 Citizenship, withdrawal
BEL-2018-1-002 Citizenship, withdrawal, difference in treatment
BEL-2018-1-002 Civil servant, criminal record, extinguished
LAT-2018-1-004 Civil servant, function, suspension
ESP-2018-1-002 Civil servants, status, protection
GER-2018-1-008 Classified information, access
ROM-2018-1-001 Climate, protection
GER-2018-1-006 Commercial speech
CZE-2018-1-002 Community law, directive
ESP-2018-1-004 Company, board, members, liability
LAT-2018-1-002 Compulsory residence measure
FRA-2018-1-006 Constitutional Court, decision, binding force
ESP-2018-1-006 Constitutional Court, judgment, effectiveness
ECH-2018-1-005 Constitutional Court, length of proceedings, caseload
ECH-2018-1-005 Constitutional review, amparo appeals
ESP-2018-1-004 Constitutionality
MNE-2018-1-001 Consumer choice, influence, food safety
GER-2018-1-007 Consumer protection, food safety, market information
GER-2018-1-007 Contact decision, legal challenge
FIN-2018-1-001 Contact, restrictions
FIN-2018-1-001 Copyright law, right to equitable remuneration
GER-2018-1-001 Counsel, appointment, mandatory
ARM-2018-1-001 Counterfeits, products
RUS-2018-1-001 Court decision, irreversible
POR-2018-1-001 Court decisions, cancelled or charged, infringed interests
AZE-2018-1-002 Court pleadings, errors
POR-2018-1-005 Court, decision, failure to respect
KOS-2018-1-001 Courts, organisation, roster
GER-2018-1-008 Creativity, intellectual freedom
GER-2018-1-001 Criminal investigation, rejection of complaint
ESP-2018-1-005 Criminal proceedings
ROM-2018-1-001 Criminal process, effective judicial remedy
ESP-2018-1-005 Criminal prosecution
AUT-2018-1-002 Damage, compensation, State, conditions
BRA-2018-1-001 Deceased, reputation, respect, right
GER-2018-1-003 Decision, foreign court, recognition
SRB-2018-1-001 Defamation, criminal, sanction
GER-2018-1-003 Defamation, memory of deceased
GER-2018-1-003 Defamation, via Internet
GER-2018-1-003 Defendant, answers under oath
CRC-2018-1-001 Defendant, detailed answers
CRC-2018-1-001 Democracy, human rights, element
ISR-2018-1-001 Democracy, rule of law, element
ISR-2018-1-001 Democracy, threat
LAT-2018-1-006 Demonstration, license
ISR-2018-1-002 Demonstration, neighbours, burden
ISR-2018-1-002 Demonstration, public official, private residence
ISR-2018-1-002 Demonstration, public security
ISR-2018-1-002 Demonstration, purpose
ISR-2018-1-002 Detention conditions, inhuman
GER-2018-1-002 Detention, condition
BRA-2018-1-001 Detention, humane
BRA-2018-1-001 Disability, concept
ECJ-2018-1-001 Disability, discrimination
ECJ-2018-1-001, ESP-2018-1-001 Disabled person, benefit, right
ESP-2018-1-001 Disabled person, right
CZE-2018-1-001 Disabled person, social assistance
CZE-2018-1-001 Disabled person, social assistance, entitlement, conditions
ESP-2018-1-001 Discrimination, procedure, adoption
UKR-2018-1-002 Discrimination, racial, language
RSA-2018-1-002 DNA profile, establishment, storage, use
LAT-2018-1-001 Double jeopardy
AUT-2018-1-002 Double jeopardy, administrative, criminal, tax matters
ECJ-2018-1-005 Driving offence
RUS-2018-1-003 Economic policy
SUI-2018-1-001 Education, higher, institution
RSA-2018-1-002 Education, language, discrimination
RSA-2018-1-002 Education, teaching staff, recruitment
LAT-2018-1-005 Education, university, language
RSA-2018-1-002 Effective remedy, interim relief proceedings
GER-2018-1-002 Elected assemblies, distribution, seat, list, candidate
ALG-2018-1-002 Election, candidate, exclusion
LAT-2018-1-006 Emergency, state, democratic pluralism
ECH-2018-1-005 Emergency, state, rule of law
ECH-2018-1-005 Emissions, trading
GER-2018-1-006 Employee, protection
CZE-2018-1-003 Employee, temporary
ESP-2018-1-004 Employee, unequal treatment
ESP-2018-1-004 Employee, work computer, pornographic material, storage
ECH-2018-1-003 Employee, work computer, private use
ECH-2018-1-003 Employee, work-place injuries, compensation
POR-2018-1-002 Employees, livelihoods
KOR-2018-1-001 Employment, conditions, criteria
ECJ-2018-1-004 Employment, disability, discrimination
ECJ-2018-1-001 Employment, dismissal, chilling effect
IAC-2018-1-001 Employment, dismissal, irregular
IAC-2018-1-001 Employment, fair pay
ECJ-2018-1-004 Employment, labour stability, right
IAC-2018-1-001 Employment, salary, discrimination
ECJ-2018-1-004 Employment, termination notice
ECJ-2018-1-001 Equality, criteria of distinction, industry sector, emissions
GER-2018-1-006 Equality, private actors, application
GER-2018-1-011 EU Emissions Trading System
GER-2018-1-006 Europe, asylum, regime
FRA-2018-1-006 European Arrest Warrant, minor
ECJ-2018-1-002 European Convention on Human Rights, derogation
ECH-2018-1-005 Evidence
ROM-2018-1-002 Exclusive, right
RUS-2018-1-001 Executive power, accountability
RSA-2018-1-001 Executive, decree-law, prerequisites of extraordinary necessity and urgency
ITA-2018-1-005 Expression, criminal charges
ECH-2018-1-005 Expulsion from country of residence
GER-2018-1-002 Extra territorial jurisdiction
RSA-2018-1-003 Extradition
BEL-2018-1-002 Fact, new, submission to court
ECH-2018-1-007 Fact, new, submission to court, admissibility
ECH-2018-1-006 Family
CZE-2018-1-001 Family, financial situation
CZE-2018-1-001 Family, support, young children
RUS-2018-1-002 File, removal
ROM-2018-1-002 Filiation, recognition, child, best interests
ITA-2018-1-007 Food and feed law, limit values
GER-2018-1-007 Food and feed law, non-compliance, publication, mandatory
GER-2018-1-007 Football, stadium ban
GER-2018-1-011 Forced labour, prohibition
BEL-2018-1-003 Foreigner, criminal trial, consular access
RSA-2018-1-003 Forum of necessity, connecting factor
ECH-2018-1-004 Free evaluation of evidence, principle
FIN-2018-1-002 Free movement of persons, foreign terrorist fighters
BEL-2018-1-001 Freedom of expression, context, political
GER-2018-1-003 Freedom of expression, terrorism charges
ECH-2018-1-005 Freedom of occupation, market information, interference
GER-2018-1-007 Functions, professor, university
ALG-2018-1-001 Fundamental rights, deterring or discouraging their exercise
ESP-2018-1-002 Fundamental rights, private law, application
GER-2018-1-011 General will, exercise
ALG-2018-1-001 Government members, neutrality, principle
GER-2018-1-005 Government, criticism, criminal charges
ECH-2018-1-005 Greenhouse gas emissions
GER-2018-1-006 Health care
CZE-2018-1-001, ESP-2018-1-001 Health, protection
CZE-2018-1-003 Health, protection, state targeted programme
ECH-2018-1-001 Health, public
CZE-2018-1-003 Health, public, care system
ESP-2018-1-001 Health, risk
CZE-2018-1-003 Health, self-determination
ITA-2018-1-005 Health, vaccines legislation, minor children
ITA-2018-1-005 Housing, lessee, right to protected rent, statutory conditions
CRO-2018-1-001 Human rights, violation, abroad
GER-2018-1-002 Implementation, law
EST-2018-1-001 Improper, treatment, institution, execution, punishment, investigative isolation
UKR-2018-1-003 In hiding
RUS-2018-1-003 Inadequate answers, plaintiff's redress
CRC-2018-1-001 Incompatibility, parliamentary mandate, duties
ALG-2018-1-001 Independence, state authority, implementation, pre-trial investigation
UKR-2018-1-003 Independence, territory
ESP-2018-1-006 Indigenous people
NOR-2018-1-001 Inequality, discrimination
ALG-2018-1-001 Influenza vaccine, complications, indemnity
ITA-2018-1-006 Information
CZE-2018-1-002 Information, accuracy
CZE-2018-1-002 Information, official, companies, economic disadvantage
GER-2018-1-007 Information, publication, via Internet
GER-2018-1-007 Installation, energy generating
GER-2018-1-006 Insurance, agent, insurance contract
AZE-2018-1-001 International protection
FIN-2018-1-002 Internet, social media, blocking access
TUR-2018-1-001 Interpretation in accordance with the Constitution
ESP-2018-1-001 Interpretation, evolving
BRA-2018-1-002 Interrogation, technique, long-term effect
ECH-2018-1-007 Intoxication
RUS-2018-1-003 Introduction, amendments, people's, initiative
UKR-2018-1-004 Invalidity
ROM-2018-1-002 Judge, appointment, specified term
GER-2018-1-008 Judge, challenge, bias
GER-2018-1-008 Judge, constitutional court, challenge, bias
GER-2018-1-004 Judge, independence, financial
ECJ-2018-1-003 Judge, independence, remuneration, adequate
ECJ-2018-1-003 Judge, status, protection
GER-2018-1-008 Judgment, enforcement, proceedings
BLR-2018-1-001 Judicial duty to investigate
GER-2018-1-002 Judicial impartiality, constitutional principle
GER-2018-1-004 Judicial independence, constitutional principle
GER-2018-1-004 Judicial protection, effective, right
ESP-2018-1-004 Judiciary, budget, necessary amount
ECJ-2018-1-003 Jurisdiction, constitutional, court decisions, private law disputes
GER-2018-1-011 Labour law
SUI-2018-1-001 Land, right, indigenous
NOR-2018-1-001 Language, regional
UKR-2018-1-002 Large family
RUS-2018-1-002 Law, application, incorrect, equality, right
ESP-2018-1-001 Law, regional
CZE-2018-1-001 Law-making procedure, draft law, explanatory memorandum
GER-2018-1-004 Lawyer, officially appointed, consent
BEL-2018-1-003 Lawyer, professional privilege
BEL-2018-1-003 Lease, contract
CRO-2018-1-001 Leave to appeal, hearing
RSA-2018-1-002 Legal aid, free
BEL-2018-1-003 Legal assistance, right, standstill obligation
BEL-2018-1-003 Legal norm
MNE-2018-1-001 Legislative discretion, vaccination
ITA-2018-1-005 Legislative structure, open
KOR-2018-1-003 Lessor, right to property, violation, procedural aspect
CRO-2018-1-001 Liability, State, basis
BRA-2018-1-001 Limitation periods, rights, conditions
BLR-2018-1-001 Local self-government, executive body, governmental duty to provide relief
CRO-2018-1-002 Market transparency
GER-2018-1-007 Marriage and the family, state, protection, duty
BRA-2018-1-003 Marriage, civil partnership, treatment, unequal
BRA-2018-1-003 Marriage, civil partnership, unequal treatment
BRA-2018-1-003 Mass media
CZE-2018-1-002 Maternity grant
RUS-2018-1-002 Mayor, governmental duty to provide relief
CRO-2018-1-002 Media, accurate information
CZE-2018-1-002 Media, Audiovisual Council, National
CZE-2018-1-002 Media, broadcasting
CZE-2018-1-002 Media, news reporting, freedom
CZE-2018-1-002 Media, press, functions
KOR-2018-1-002 Media, social responsibility
KOR-2018-1-002 Media, television
CZE-2018-1-002 Media, television, broadcasting
CZE-2018-1-002 Media, television, freedom of broadcasting
CZE-2018-1-002 Members of Parliament, multiple office-holding, status
ALG-2018-1-001 Mentally handicapped persons, special care
FIN-2018-1-001 Military coup, human rights, limitation
ECH-2018-1-005 Minimum wage
SUI-2018-1-001 Minister, law-making power, overstepped
CRO-2018-1-004 Minister, official, unlawful action, damage, redress
LTU-2018-1-001 Minor children, mandatory vaccination, access to early childhood educational services
ITA-2018-1-005 Minor, criminal liability, diminished
ECJ-2018-1-002 Minor, criminal proceedings
ECJ-2018-1-002 Minor, surrender, limitation
ECJ-2018-1-002 Monthly, monetary, allowance
UKR-2018-1-001 Morals, culture
KOR-2018-1-003 Municipality, jurisdiction, public utility taxes
POR-2018-1-004 Nation, integrity
ESP-2018-1-006 Natural resources, clean air
GER-2018-1-006 Natural resources, exploitation
MKD-2018-1-001 Natural resources, management
NOR-2018-1-001 Neutrality, civil servants
ESP-2018-1-002 Non-discrimination
IAC-2018-1-001 Non-refoulement, principle
RSA-2018-1-004 Non-tax levy, justification
GER-2018-1-006 Oath of allegiance, disabled persons
ITA-2018-1-004 Obligations, State, prisoners
TUR-2018-1-002 Obscene exposure
KOR-2018-1-003 Offence, administrative
CZE-2018-1-003, ESP-2018-1-002 Offences, elements
AUT-2018-1-002 Online newspapers, distribution structure
KOR-2018-1-002 Opinion, expression, interpretation, courts
GER-2018-1-003 Opinion, expression, legal assessment
GER-2018-1-003 Oral hearing, evidence
FIN-2018-1-002 Organisational autonomy
ITA-2018-1-001 Overreach, judicial
RSA-2018-1-001 Ownership right, restriction
CZE-2018-1-003 Parallel importation
RUS-2018-1-001 Parliament, member, protection
ESP-2018-1-006 Parliament, member, question, speech, motion
ESP-2018-1-006 Pension insurance, acquired rights, subsequent supervision and control, time limit
CRO-2018-1-003 Pension rights, retrospective provisions
ITA-2018-1-008 Pension, adequacy
ITA-2018-1-002 Pension, annual increase, block
ITA-2018-1-002 Pension, insurance
UKR-2018-1-001 Personal autonomy, exercise
CZE-2018-1-003 Personal, voting
UKR-2018-1-002 Personality, right, general
GER-2018-1-003 Planning, regional
CZE-2018-1-001 Police officers, candidates, health capacity, tattoos
CRO-2018-1-004 Policy decision, administrative
RSA-2018-1-002 Policy decision, executive
RSA-2018-1-002 Policy, social
CZE-2018-1-001, SUI-2018-1-001 Political parties, equal participation, right
GER-2018-1-005 Pollution, air
GER-2018-1-006 Positive obligation
ECH-2018-1-002 Poverty line
SUI-2018-1-001 Power plant
GER-2018-1-006 Practical concordance, balancing
GER-2018-1-011 Preliminary question, obligation to request preliminary ruling
ESP-2018-1-004 Premises, State penal-executive service, service
UKR-2018-1-003 President of the Republic, staff members, adjudicatory bodies
ITA-2018-1-001 President, impeachment, initiation, obligation
RSA-2018-1-001 Pre-trial detention, last resort
ECH-2018-1-005 Pre-trial, investigation, crime
UKR-2018-1-003 Prisoner, rights, violation, remedy
BRA-2018-1-001 Private property, owner, right, house rules
GER-2018-1-011 Procreation, medical assisted, parties, rights
POR-2018-1-006 Project, state importance
LTU-2018-1-002 Property tax
GER-2018-1-010 Prosecution structures, creation
ROM-2018-1-003 Public finances, principles, equal burdening
GER-2018-1-006 Public finances, principles, generating revenues
GER-2018-1-006 Public health, protection
CZE-2018-1-003 Public interest, receiving information
GER-2018-1-007 Public life, participation
ALG-2018-1-002 Public opinion, forming
CZE-2018-1-002 Public order
BEL-2018-1-002 Public resources, misuse, civil servants
ESP-2018-1-002 Punishment, term, determination
ECJ-2018-1-005 Redress of violation
TUR-2018-1-003 Referendum, local
MKD-2018-1-001 Refugee, rights, social benefits
AUT-2018-1-001 Region
CZE-2018-1-001 Regulation, executive, minister
CRO-2018-1-004 Reporting, freedom, broadcasts
CZE-2018-1-002 Representation, Parliament, women
ALG-2018-1-002 Representative body of local self-government, right to self-government
CRO-2018-1-002 Res judicata
KOS-2018-1-001 Residency, permanent, revocation
ISR-2018-1-001 Residency, revocation, ultra vires
ISR-2018-1-001 Resident, trust, breach, severe
ISR-2018-1-001 Respect and guarantee rights without discrimination
IAC-2018-1-001 Restriction of mass communication, lack of judicial approval, legal certainty
TUR-2018-1-001 Restriction, absence of legal regulation
FIN-2018-1-001 Revision, conditions
ECH-2018-1-007 Revision, judgment
ECH-2018-1-007 Right to a legal remedy
MNE-2018-1-001 Right to family life, child, abuse
SWE-2018-1-001 Right to health, minimum content
CZE-2018-1-003 Right to life, substantive aspect, procedural aspect
TUR-2018-1-002 Right to personal freedom, violation
ESP-2018-1-003 Rights, hierarchy
IAC-2018-1-001 Ripple effect (Ausstrahlungswirkung), fundamental rights
GER-2018-1-011 Rule of law, bankruptcy procedure
MNE-2018-1-001 Rule, barriers, socio-cultural
ALG-2018-1-002 Ruling, posting on the court's bulletin board
BIH-2018-1-001 Same-sex partnership
EST-2018-1-001 Sanction fixed by law before the act
ESP-2018-1-002 Sanction, administrative
ESP-2018-1-002 Scene of an accident
RUS-2018-1-003 Search, journalist, presence
FRA-2018-1-004 Senate of the Republic, staff members, adjudicatory bodies
ITA-2018-1-001 Sentence, classification, ne bis in idem
BEL-2018-1-002 Sentence, cumulative
POR-2018-1-005 Sexual orientation
FIN-2018-1-002 Social assistance
CZE-2018-1-001, SUI-2018-1-001 Social dialogue
FRA-2018-1-007 Social guarantee
CZE-2018-1-001 Social life, participation, right
GER-2018-1-011 Social protection
CZE-2018-1-001 Social right, progressive realisation
CZE-2018-1-001 Social security
CZE-2018-1-001 Social service
CZE-2018-1-001 Social welfare, arrangements
CZE-2018-1-001 Society, common good
LAT-2018-1-003 Solidarity
ITA-2018-1-006 Solidarity, principle
LAT-2018-1-003 Solidarity, social
CZE-2018-1-001 Speech, commercial, freedom
CZE-2018-1-002 Sports, athlete, drug testing, random
ECH-2018-1-001 Sports, athlete, whereabouts, obligation to inform
ECH-2018-1-001 Sports, doping, prevention
ECH-2018-1-001 Sports, doping, testing
ECH-2018-1-001 Standard of review, court decision, interpretation, manifest error
GER-2018-1-011 State of emergency, protection, zone
FRA-2018-1-001 State, liability
EST-2018-1-001 Stateless person
BEL-2018-1-002 Subsidiary protection
FIN-2018-1-002 Subsistence, minimum, persons, excess
UKR-2018-1-001 Succession law
BRA-2018-1-003 Succession, rights
BRA-2018-1-003 Succession, rules
BRA-2018-1-003 Suicide, assistance, criminal offence
GER-2018-1-004 Suicide, prison, investigation
TUR-2018-1-002 Suicide, prisoner
TUR-2018-1-002 Summary proceedings, rights, equal protection
BLR-2018-1-002 Supreme Court, access, rationalisation
POR-2018-1-001 Surrogacy, best interests, child
ITA-2018-1-007 Tax exemption
BRA-2018-1-002 Tax law
AZE-2018-1-001 Tax law, amendments
GER-2018-1-009 Tax system, progressive taxation
ITA-2018-1-003 Tax, burden, equality
GER-2018-1-009, GER-2018-1-010 Tax, calculation
GER-2018-1-010 Tax, capacity to pay, principle
GER-2018-1-009 Tax, legal basis
POR-2018-1-004 Tax, offence, sanction
ECJ-2018-1-005 Tax, payment, simplified
AZE-2018-1-001 Tax, recovery, enforced
LAT-2018-1-002 Taxation law, interpretation
BRA-2018-1-002 Taxation, legislative discretion
ITA-2018-1-003 Taxation, pensions
UKR-2018-1-001 Teacher, employment, process
LAT-2018-1-004 Teaching, freedom
LAT-2018-1-005 Temporary judges
GER-2018-1-008 Territory, entry, exit
BEL-2018-1-001 Terrorism
BEL-2018-1-002 Terrorism, compulsory residence order
FRA-2018-1-003 Terrorism, fight, administrative measure
FRA-2018-1-008 Terrorism, Islamist
GER-2018-1-002 Terrorism, offence, intent
BEL-2018-1-001 Terrorism, protection, zone
FRA-2018-1-008 Terrorist act, extra territorial jurisdiction
RSA-2018-1-003 Terrorist organisation, support, criminal conviction
GER-2018-1-002 Tobacco, products
CZE-2018-1-003 Tobacco, sale, restrictions
CZE-2018-1-003 Tolerance, State
ECH-2018-1-005 Torture
ECH-2018-1-004 Torture, prison, abroad
GER-2018-1-002 Trade tax
GER-2018-1-009 Unbiased reporting
CZE-2018-1-002 United Nations, Security Council, resolution, implementation
BEL-2018-1-001 Unlawful detention, continuation
TUR-2018-1-003 Vacatio legis, necessary length
CRO-2018-1-002 Vaccination policies, competence distribution, Government, Parliament and Regions
ITA-2018-1-005 Vaccinations, health authority, recommendations
ITA-2018-1-006 Victim, redress, universal jurisdiction
ECH-2018-1-004 Violation, constitutional, requirement, personal, voting, people's, deputy
UKR-2018-1-004 Violation, respect, dignity
UKR-2018-1-003 Visits, operating model
FIN-2018-1-001 Welfare, national
LAT-2018-1-003 Windfall profits
GER-2018-1-006 Women, rights promotion, proportion
ALG-2018-1-002