Important media information
Explained in more detail on the main Venice Commission webpage, the Council of Europe’s European Commission for Democracy through Law is known as the Venice Commission, because it holds four plenary sessions per year in Venice: March, June, October and December.
It is the Council of Europe's advisory body on constitutional matters, made up of internationally recognized constitutional law and other legal experts, who act independently of their countries of origin. More information about the members here.
Worldwide reach
Since 1990, Venice Commission membership has grown and developed, today stretching well beyond Europe. In addition to all 46 Council of Europe member states, it includes representatives of 15 other countries: Algeria, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, Israel, Kazakhstan, the Republic of Korea, Kosovo*, Kyrgyzstan, Morocco, Mexico, Peru, Tunisia and the U.S.A. Argentina, Japan, the Holy See and Uruguay are observers. More information here.
Legal opinions that make a difference
The Venice Commission is best known for its opinions on constitutional and legislative drafts and laws of its member states, analyzing whether they are in line with international and European standards of constitutional law, including the principle of checks and balances in government. These opinions provide practical legal guidance to its member states in reforming legislation and practices and bringing them in line with the key principles of democracy, rule of law and human rights – the three pillars of the Council of Europe.
Who can request an opinion?
The Venice Commission drafts opinions only when officially solicited. Opinions can be requested by:
- Member state authorities;
- Council of Europe entities (the Secretary General, the Committee of Ministers, the Parliamentary Assembly, the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities);
- Other international entities involved in the Commission’s work, such as the EU and OSCE/ODIHR.
This page permits you to monitor such requests as they are received and provides a schedule of forthcoming opinions. Past adopted opinions can be found here.
How are opinions prepared?
After having received an official request, the Venice Commission forms an expert group of selected members, which gathers information received from government and other relevant sources. It usually visits the country concerned to hold discussions with stakeholders, including government officials, NGOs and parliamentarians. To avoid conflict of interest, Venice Commission members cannot be part of the expert group if the opinion concerns their countries of origin. Once the group agrees on a draft opinion, it is distributed as a restricted document to all Venice Commission members and the requesting authority in preparation of the Plenary Session.
What happens during the plenary session?
Venice Commission plenary sessions are held on Fridays and Saturday mornings four times a year. Before the Venice Commission adopts an opinion during its plenary session – often the Friday of the session. The more important or controversial draft opinions are discussed and possibly amended at a meeting of the competent sub-commission on the Thursday before the plenary session. Representatives of the countries concerned are invited to the plenary session (not to the sub-commissions) to present their position. During the plenary session, final discussions on possible amendments are held, and the opinion is formally adopted, almost always by consensus. On rare occasions, votes are held. Once adopted and finalized, the Venice Commission opinions become public.
“Urgent opinions”
On rare occasions, in the case of urgent requests, urgent opinions are adopted outside the four plenary sessions. For example, if an opinion is needed before an impending referendum or a debate in parliament, it can be issued as “urgent opinion” outside the period of an official plenary session in Venice, so that the authorities in question can make use of Venice Commission legal expertise in time. Such urgent opinions are usually formally “endorsed” at the next plenary session.
Why are opinions normally published only after the plenary session is over?
Because changes to draft opinions can be substantial and final versions are adopted only on Friday, often in the late afternoon, or Saturday, texts of fully adopted opinions become available to the public only the week after the plenary session. Although the Council of Europe Department of Communications strives to publish press releases on the Friday of the session, media should wait until the following week for press releases along with publications of as-adopted opinions. The Venice Commission seeks transparency and welcomes media coverage, but its priority is accuracy and care in drafting legal opinions. The Department of Communications appreciates the understanding from all media for delays that do occur between the adoption of an opinion and its subsequent publication, including delayed press releases.
Leaks of draft opinions
Sometimes information is provided by unauthorized persons to the media about an opinion in draft form before the adoption, thus “leaking” the information. Media should be aware that only the final adopted texts published on the website of the Venice Commission can be considered as official. It is important to note that no draft copies of opinions before adoption are given to media, confirmed or authorized by the Venice Commission.
What happens after opinions are adopted?
Every opinion by the Venice Commission has a clearly defined time and content scope: it only examines facts and documents available during the time of the preparation of the opinion, i.e. before its adoption and publication. The Venice Commission generally does not formally assess whether or how member states are taking on board Venice Commission opinions and recommendations but the Commission is regularly informed about follow-up to its opinions and this information is subsequently made available on its web site. To issue a new opinion on amended legislation, for instance, a new request is required.
30-year anniversary in 2020
The year 2020 marked the Venice Commission’s 30th anniversary. Its foundation in May 1990 dates to shortly after the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, which led the former satellite states of the Soviet Union to aspire to democratic systems of government and seek advice on how best to adapt their constitutional law to democracy.
Useful links:
Media welcome in Venice
While all discussions (from Thursday meeting and throughout the plenary sessions) are closed to the public and to the press, journalists often come to Venice anyway during the plenary sessions to talk to Venice Commission representatives on the margins of the session and to interview the rapporteurs or the President of the Commission following the adoption of an opinion. The meeting venue has free Wi-Fi access. For more information, please contact Panos Kakaviatos (panos.kakaviatos@coe.int) or Tatiana Baeva (tatiana.baeva@coe.int) of the Council of Europe’s Department of Communications.